Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

geo > tect > Flashcards

tect Flashcards

1
Q

What is an example of an intra-plate process

A

An intra plate process takes place in the middle of a plate an example of this would be a hotspot eg The Ring of Fire, where there is a high temp bc of molten.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the Oceanic Fracture Zone mean

A

belt of activity through oceans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does Continental Fracture Zone mean

A

belt of activity
through mountain ranges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the Trends of tectonics

A
  • more fatalities due to more mega disasters
  • more people affected - population growth
  • more expensive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Why may reporting deaths be hard?

A
  • Different organisations have different ways of recording this data
    -location - finding bodies in rubble in rural areas may be harder
  • depending on if recording immediate or delayed deaths
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the 4 sections of the Earth

A
  • Crust
    -Mantle / Asthenosphere - semi molten generates convection currents
    -Outer Core - dense
  • Inner Core - solid due to pressure and so hot due to radioactive decay or heat left over form the making of the Earth (primordial)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the different types of plate boundaries

A

Constructive, Conservative, Destructive , Continental or Oceanic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Explain what happens at oceanic/continental plates

A

Subduction - where the denser oceanic plate subducts the continental.
- leaving an ocean trench as it decends
the crust which enters the mantle/athnesophere gets melted - causing a build up of presuure bc = more magma
- presssure comes out in the form of volcanoes

when pressure releases sediment it make fold mountains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What happens when two oceanic plates subduct

A

Ocean trench again
This creates underwater volcanoes making island arcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is paleomagnetism

A

sea floor rock grains aligned to the magnetic field at the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are convention currents

A

When lower mantle near the core heats due to high heat, therefore rising then cooling towards the bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How are earthquakes formed

A

When there is friction between plates builds due convection currents then released as an earthquake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

How many seismic waves are there

A

Primary - immediate
Secondary - Delayed - most destructive bc they have large amplitudes
Love - horizontal, thru crust - most destructive
Rayleigh - vertical and horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are secondary hazards of earthquakes

A

-Soil liquification - water in the soil making it liquidly
- Landslides - collapsing material
- Tsunamis - created by displaced water column is displaced, then down due to gravity, travelling fast and big

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What would impact the intensity of a tsunami

A

population density
defences
duration
wave amplitude
evacuation systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the primary hazards of a volcano

A
  • Lava
  • Pyroclastic flow - a river of like rock lava and ash

-Tephra - ash cloud
-volcanic gases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Secondary Hazards of a volcano

A
  • Jokulhlaup - when ice melts so floods
  • Acid rain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the Deggs model

A

Vulnerability population X Hazardous event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can hazard be measured by organisations

A

how many ppl affected - IDD
Economic cost - UN sendai Framework
Comparison to other hazards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the Park Model

A

Steepness and depth shows how long and how big a disaster is
Stage 1 - immediate response - first few hours
Stage 2 - temporary services, food and water - days weeks
Stage 3 - restoring infrastructure - weeks/years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the Pressure and Release Model

A

Shows how the factors leading to a disaster/vulnerability are interconnected
- Root causes - poor governance, lack of money
- Dynamic Pressures - lack of money = lack of trained building regulators who can be bribed to call unsafe buildings as safe, rapid pop growth
Unsafe conditions - now buildings are unsafe, more overcrowding
+ Natural Hazards = Disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are some egs of tectonic hazard categories

A

Frequency
Magnitude
Duration
Spatial Predictability
Fatalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Evaluation of effectiveness of the models to do w like par, deggs, the others

A
  • Cant be applied to all some need more specific models
  • Some need to be more vague
  • Is it outdated - does it consider climate change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How are tectonic events measured

A

Volcanic Explosivity Index - shows the height,
has a scale from 0-8

Modifified Mercalli Scale - destructiveness , relative based on time and where ppl would feel
the effects and if they were awake for it roman numerals 1-12

Moment Magnitude Scale - measures energy 0-9

Richter - measures amplitude (how strong) - widely used - just bc high doesn’t mean the worst disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the hazard management cycle

A

Prevention - stopping building near hazards
Prepardness - evacuation and education
Mitigation - stopping it - Strengthing buildings
Adaption - not stopping living w it - changing jobs to make more money to having a hazards savings

27
Q

How can earthquakes be monitored

A

They cant be monitored accurately instead based on likelihood through historical records or global monitoring of seismic waves

28
Q

Can volcanoes be predicted

A

yes
- magma build up
- changes in the slope of the volcano as magma builds

29
Q

What is mitigation examples and explaination

A

Land use zoning
Building codes
Protective defences
-lessening the effcets of hazards

30
Q

What is an example of preparedness

A
  • Education
    -Evacuation plans
  • Warning systems
31
Q

Examples of Responses

A

International aid
Search and rescue
restoring infrastructure
restoring services like police

31
Q

What types of recovery are there

A

Short term - aid food water shelter
Long term - rebuilding buildings rebuilidng infrastructure and services

32
Q

What are the 3 different types of management approaches

A

Modifying the event
Modifying the Vulnerability
Modifying the loss

33
Q

Modifying the event

A

designing buildings to be stronger as they are the biggest killer during a disaster
Mirco strengthen individual buildings or Macro protecting whole communities

Earthquake - strengthening schools hospitals or some houses effective but expensive

Tsunamis - Regrowing mangroves or tsunami walls improving security but expensive and ugly

Volacnoes - Diverting flow of lava cheap but cant be used on all lava

34
Q

Modifing vulnerbality

A

Using
Hi tech monitoring - prediction is good but doesnt stop property damage and expensive

Education - cheap but hard in rural areas
Adapatation effective but distrupys lives

35
Q

Modifing LOss

A
  • aid
    short - reduce immediat edeath toll expensive
    long - improve resillience but needs are forggotten top down

Insurence - allows ppl to recover and doesnt save lives

36
Q

What is the role of community

A

Local recovery operations

37
Q

Role of NGO and TNC

A

Provide funds, charity events

38
Q

What may governments focus on more

A

Economic development rather than investing in sustainable hazard resistent plans
thuis is not what ideally shouod be doing

39
Q

What does the Risk Poverty Nexus say

A

Poverty contributes an dis a consequence of a hazards

40
Q

How may inequality effect a community

A

Entitlement Inequality - how much they get in welfare
Political - the wealthy being more powerful witha great disparity
Assest - how much u own tbh

41
Q

Why may a population be more vulnerable

A
  • corruption unequal distribution of aid
  • population density
  • level of urbanisation
    • building skill the most ppl

-evacuation

42
Q

How does governance effect vulnerability

A
  • Corruption
    planning
    prepardness
43
Q

Features of a mega disaster

A
  • large spatial areas
  • affect large populations
  • require aid
    -rarely occur

eg 2011 Japan effected TNCs like BMW or Toyota

2011 Iceland the ash cloud stopping all European air space

44
Q

Haiti disaster !
-developed or not?
-Magnitude?
- Impacts
-Short term and long term response

A
  • least developed country in the western hemisphere
  • Earthquake mag 7
    -96% at risk of death if disaster
  • 220K died
    -Short term - OXFAM gave out food but roads being damaged affected this
    -NGOs built earthquake resilient homes
45
Q

Tohoku disaster
-developed or not?
-Magnitude?
-Short term and long term response

A
  • developed country
    -Earthquake mag 9 caused tsunami
    -188K dead
  • Short Term evacuation occurred in 30 mins
  • Long term -almost 100% of electricity, water and telephone communications had been restored in 8 months
46
Q

Mount helens, USA
-developed or not?
-Magnitude?
-Short term and long term response

A
  • very
    -4.2
    Earthquake caused landslide and eruption
    pyroclastic flows made
    maps were inaccurate
    -50 ppl died
    -farmers given 70 mil compensation
47
Q

Iceland
-developed or not?
-Magnitude?
-Short term and long term response

A
  • very
  • VEI 4
  • cost airline industry 130mil
    but stopped almost 2 tonnes of CO2 from being into the air bc there were no more flights
48
Q

China -
-developed or not?
-Magnitude?
-Short term and long term response

A

-developing
-mag 7.9
-87K killed
- had rescue team via boat or helicopter - governments choice
- got foreign aid
- a month later 90% of roads were fixed

49
Q

Mount pinatubo is an example of what ?

A

A multihazard zone as it is tectonically active Eruption of Mount pinatubo was triggered by a Typhoon which rainfall causes lahars

50
Q
A
51
Q
A
51
Q
A
51
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
52
Q
A
53
Q
A
53
Q
A
53
Q
A
54
Q
A

geo (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions