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Globalisation Flashcards

1
Q

What globalisation

A

the increasing interdependence between countries via tech, trade and culture

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2
Q

What accelerates globalisation

A

Economically - TNCs, Online Purchasing, FDI

Politically - Trade Blocs eg EU, NAFTA, IGOS eg IMF, WTO, News outlets

Migration - increased tourism bc budget airlines

Culturally - Americanisation/Westernisation

Flow of Goods - Containerisation, Imports, more manufactured good due to Workshops of the world like China

Tech - Internet, Social media, Server Farms that hold great amounts of data

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3
Q

What has Globalisation led to

A
  • Shrinking world - everything seems closer eg connecting to ppl globally quickly
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4
Q

What was gloalisation like during the 19th/20 Centuries

A

-Steam Powered - 1800 Britain was very dominant in this market using this to move goods and armies around the world

-Jet Aircraft = budget airlines

-Containerisation - 200mil containers move annually

  • Telegraph - 1860 instantaneous communication when underwater cables were put underwater
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5
Q

What was globalisation like during the 21st Century

A

-Phones = more common = better communication

  • Broadband/Fibre Optics - 1990s Information transferred even faster
  • GPS - track goods and Google Maps
  • Internet - 40% of the world have access to this
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6
Q

What is a flow

A

When countries share things with one another

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7
Q

Give examples of flows

A

Capital - flow of money = investment
Labour - migration = workers
Products - flow of goods = trade
Services - TNCS eg international call centres - that service can be done elsewhere
Info - Internet

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8
Q

Why may an area be regraded as switched off

A

Environmentally - Land locked, Poor fertility of land, climate change making it unfavourable eg desertifation

Political - if its antimigration eg North Korea
Terrorism or war
Corruption

Economic - Cant invest into infrastructure eg having Special Economic Zones or Education Workforce
Unstable Market - no investors

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9
Q

Why may some countries view global flows as a threat

A
  • Imports could jeopardize life their domestic companies
  • Migrants could cause tensions eg North Korea
  • Foreign Info = threat eg Chinas internet
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10
Q

What is the IGO and what is IMF

A

An IGO is an intergovernmental Organisation
International Momentary Fund
-created in Washington
- loans to poorer countries
++ this promotes austerity = privatisation which means its more susceptible to FDI + just paying back the loan bc more profits

– Causes countries to fall into debt
–cut funding infrastructure eg Haiti

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11
Q

What is The World Bank

A

-super similar to IMF
loans money

+ more globalisation bc FDI from austerity

  • debt and less governmental sovereignty as they depend on loans and FDI from austerity to stay afloat
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12
Q

What is the WTO

A
  • In Switzerland
  • Aims to Liberalise Trade
  • Remove Tariffs (tax on imported product), subsides (unfair benefits from the government to increase domestic produce eg less tax ) and quotas (limit on how many imports come in)

+ more free trade
+ they overlook all trade agreements created
– didn’t stop EU and USA from using subsides

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13
Q

What are Tariffs

A

It is tax on imported product

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14
Q

What are subsides

A

unfair benefits from the government to increase domestic produce and decrease domestic export cost eg less tax on selling belgian chocolate in belgium

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15
Q

What are quotas

A

limit on how many imports come in

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16
Q

What attitudes and Actions of National governments

A

Likes
-Free Market - less government interference in the economy = deregulation of banking in London = no1 financial centre in the world

-Privatisation - Got state owned services and made the private = more money but poorer quality eg Thames water

-Encouraging start ups

-FDI

  • Censorship - restricting info

-Limiting Migration

-Trade Protectionism - subsides causing in 2016 Chinese steel companies to sell for so cheap UK steel closed all plants after losing £1mil everyday bc China barely taxed own exports

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17
Q

What are different types of FDI

A

Offshoring - TNCs in countries with large workforces
Foreign Mergers - TNCs coming tg to make a big company
Foreign Acquisitions - TNC taking over a foreign company

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18
Q

What are trade blocs

A

Groups of nations that agree to reduce restrictions by increasing the flow of capital and goods

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19
Q

What are benefits of trade blocs

A

-businesses have larger markets
- more reliable access to trading resources
-better pathways to trade stuff

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20
Q

What are disadvantages of trade blocs

A
  • really hard for foreign countries to cope with being excluded
  • doesn’t guarantee fair treatment in the trade bloc
21
Q

What is an example of a trade bloc

A

North American Free Trade Agreement
lowered/removed tariffs off Canada and USA and Mexico

22
Q

What are measures of globalisation

A

KOF index,
AT Kearney Index,
Gross National Income - how much is earned including overseas accounts
, Purchasing Power Parity - how much ur money is worth in different countries
, Income Per Capita, GDP doesn’t include overseas accounts

23
Q

What is the KOF index

A

Measures globalisation from 1-100 being the highest
Political - 39% weighting
-embassies, apart of trade blocs

Economic 37% weighting
- flow of goods and FDI

Social - 24% weighting
amount of internet users

24
Q

What is the AT Kearney Index

A

Measure of globalisation of cities
Economic Integration
-imports and exports, FDI

Personal contact
-tourism, phone calls a day

Technological activity
- Internet Users

Political engagement
- apart of any organisations
- number of embassies

25
Q

What are composite measures and give examples

A
  • combine a bunch of different factors into one
    eg Economic Sector Balance - considers all the sectors Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

HDI = life expectancy + GDP per capita + literacy rate

Gender Inequality = reproductive health (maternal mortality), Empowerment (seats in parliament) and Employment

26
Q

funfact 200 top TNCs accounted for ____ of the worlds economic activity whilst only employing ____ of the worlds population

A

200 top TNCs accounted for 25% of the worlds economic activity whilst only employing 1% of the worlds population

27
Q

Who are the winners of TNCs

A
  • new jobs
    -bring new cultures eg Mcdonaldisation
    -political influence - begging for low taxes
    -increase globalisation
    -vertical integration = taking ownership of a different country
28
Q

Who are the losers of TNC

A
  • Headquarters are only in HICs creating a glass celing for those in LICs
    -badly effected by natural disasters
    -bad work conditions
    -exploit local resources
29
Q

What is outsourcing and what is offshoring

A

outsourcing is when tertiary/services products are outsourced

offshoring is when secondary/manufacturing is done abroad

30
Q

What is Glocalisation

A

TNCs adapting to meet the needs of locals
eg McDonalds dont say pork in India bc Muslims

31
Q

Who are the winners of economic change

A

-more profit
-more jobs n higher wages
- new skills

32
Q

What is global shift and what started it

A

global shift - secondary from west to asia
Deindustrialisation

33
Q

Who are the losers of economic change

A
  • exploited workers
  • bad conditions
  • pollution to environment
  • too much repetitive work = demotivation and suicide idealisation
    -inequality between those who work and those cant access those jobs bc cant speak english
34
Q

Why has global shift affected China and India so much

A

China - 1990 cities offered investors large amount of cheap labour = sweatshops

India - 2nd largest English speaking country

35
Q

What did deindustrialisation cause

A

eg Glasgow or any textile town - the chemical waste contaminates the land causing dereliction as companies move and so do ppl =deprivation
global shift

36
Q

3 egs of Pull and push factors

A

Pull
- job opportunities
- services
-family

Push
-poverty
-land reform = TNCs using land for factories
-natural disasters
-conflict like war

37
Q

What challenges may a country with a high migration population face

A

-strain on services
-overcrowding
-more pollution
-more crime

38
Q

What types of migration may there be -

A

-Elite Migrants
wealthy (Russian Oligarchs buy Investors visas and buy properties raising house prices)

-Economic - come to work

39
Q

What are benefits and costs of a host country experiencing migration

A

Benefits
- more workers
- more ppl to pay tax
- more diversity
- decrease ageing population
- more customers for companies

Costs
- more racists/xenophobes
- strain on services
- more houses needed = inflation

40
Q

What are benefits and costs to a source country experiencing outwards migration

A

Benefits
- workers send money back home
- become skilled and then go home and use those skills
- small population - less strain on services

Costs
- brain drain of skilled workers leaving
- negative multiplier effect - less workers = less businesses = less taxes lowered infrastructure
- migrants are usually young = ageing population

41
Q

What is cultural imperialism

A

lowkey just means colonisation culture style

42
Q

Examples in China of cultural imperialism

A

Benefits
First participation in Paralympics in 2012 shows a decline in stigma

Costs
- Rise in Obesity
- More meat consumption 1990 5kg per person to 50kg 2015
- more meat = more cattle = more cattle farm emissions
- only 25% of disable ppl employed = stigma

43
Q

What is cultural erosion and give examples

A

Reduction of native culture esp with younger ppl
egs
France - 40% of broadcasting must be French
China - Censorship of foreign media
Iran - no barbies

44
Q

What types of conflict have been caused by globalisation

A
  • In EU more far right parties
    The national front in France got 25% of votes
    Still conflicts on the Nile and stuff
45
Q

How have cultures been protected

A
  • As tourists are attracted to it ppl maintain it for tours Papua New Guinea
  • Resilience
46
Q

How has sustainability been highlighted to combat what globalisation has done to the environment

A

Localism - only using locally sourced goods

47
Q

Pros and Cons of localism

A

Pros
- helps local suppliers
- less emissions by transporting food
- quick delivery

Cons
- foreign famers lose work
-more expensive
- bc more expensive poor families cant afford

48
Q

What is fairtrade

A

better pay to farmers

49
Q

What is a transition town

A

In Devon the town Totnes has its own currency in order to encourage spending in local economies, recycling and reducing waste

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