coasts

Question 1

What is a sediment cell

Answer 1

There are 11 in UK
Where there are sources of where the sediment originates from then a through flow eg LSD that moves it then a sink where the sand ends up

Question 2

Dynamic Equilibrium

Answer 2

all things remain in balance
even with a negative feedback loop - lessening changes eg a newly formed bar being eroded

Positive - where it becomes more unstable eg - ppl walking on sand dunes destroying them

Question 3

What is the littoral zone

Answer 3

Coast that is victim to wave action

Question 4

Backshore is - above tide
Foreshore is where wave processes occur
Offshore the sea

Answer 4

just repeat girl

Question 5

Define
Corrasion
Attrition
Hydraulic Action
-Corrosion

Answer 5

• Breaking down the cliff face
• hitting each other
  -air-in crack- compression - expands
  -weak acid in seawater

Question 6

What effects rates of erosion

Answer 6

tall waves
long fetch
high tide
heavy rainfall
winter

Question 7

Lithology - which rock is most vulnerable - Sedimentary, Igneous or Metamorphic

Answer 7

Sedimentary eg Limestone is most bc loads of fractures

Metamorphic eg Marble - the crystals are all facing the same way and not interlocked

Igenous eg Granite the crystals are interlocked

Question 8

What makes rock vulnerable

Answer 8

• clastic instead of crystalline
  clastic = made of sedimentary particles
  crystalline = made of interlocked crystals super strong

any cracks of fractures

Lithology = igneous or sedimentary or metamorphic

Question 9

Type of erosional platforms

Answer 9

Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps
1st -marine erosion widens fault
2nd - marine + sub arerial = cave
3rd = arch that cant supports itself = stump eg Old Harry Rock

Wave cut platform - marine erosion = hole at the bottom = cliff is unstable

Retreating cliff - when wave cut platforms keeep happening so the beach is just hella far

Question 10

Types of transportation

Answer 10

-LSD - causes heavy backwash
Traction - sediment dragged along the ground
Saltation - bouncing
Suspension - the water moves me
Solution - its dissolved in the water

Question 11

Deposition occurs when ?

Answer 11

Waves lose energy and sediment is too heavy

Question 12

What are examples of depositional landforms

Answer 12

Spit - LSD where energy loses energy a change in wind = hook behind a salt marsh
Bars a spit that links two bits of coast behind a lagoon
Tombolo - connects an island and a mainland
Sandunes

Question 13

Whats up with sand dunes

Answer 13

1st Embryo dune = sand gathers
2nd Yellow = vegetation develops
3rd Grey vegetation dies = nutrients in sand stablises = more vegetation

Dune slack - more water on sand = plants that eat water are there
Trees form that break wind

Question 14

Examples of sub aerial processes

Answer 14

Mechanical
- freeze thaw
- wetting and drying

Chemical
- Carbonation - Co2 with rainwater makes a weak acid
Solution - rock salt is dissolves

Biological
- Plant roots
- Burrows of animals

Question 15

What does mass movement depend on

Answer 15

• angle of cliff
• lithology
• saturation of past rain
• vegetation

Question 16

Types of mass movement

Answer 16

Flow
- mudflow water mix w mud =slide
- soilfluction in winter ground freezes in summer only some defrosts flowing onto of the frozen bit

Slides
-Rock fall due to mechanicla weathering
Slump - water with soft material falls

Question 17

What is concordant coastline

Answer 17

Rock runs parallels to coast
makes a Dalmatian coastline rivers flood eg croatia

Question 18

Disconcordant coastline

Answer 18

perpendicular to coast
makes a headland and bay eg old harrys rock

Question 19

How are headland formed

Answer 19

Wave refraction
- wave lose energy on resistant headlands so deposit on bay

Question 20

How vegetation help coasts

Answer 20

• Roots bind to sand
• break wind
  -Xerophytes = tolerant of dry conditions
• Brackish - tolerant of salty conditions

Question 21

What is plant succession

Answer 21

Long term plant community in an area
where there are pioneer plants that begtin to grow eg Marram Grass - long roots and tolerate many conditions

Bay of Bengal - Removed for industry but protect the coast

Question 22

What 4 stages do Salt Marshes develop by

Answer 22

Algal starting off
Pioneer - stablising roots
Establishment - growing grass a carpet of vegetation
Stabilisation - more
Climax - more grow

Question 23

Features of constructive waves

Answer 23

• Strong swash
  weak backwash
  low wave height
  long length
  low frequency
  deposit

Question 24

Features of a destructive wave

Answer 24

weak swash
strong backwash
high height
short length
high frequency
erowion

Question 25

Seal level change egs

Answer 25

Isostatic - local
Eustatic - global

Question 26

Explain isostatic change

Answer 26

-local
-due to post glacial adjustment
– where icce is so heavy it weighs down an area then melts causing rebound
eg Scotland which is rising at 1.55mm annually

Heaviness of volcanoes can do this asw

Question 27

Explain eustatic change

Answer 27

-global
thermal expansion - water gets warmer = gets bigger
- due to global warming

Question 28

Risks to coasts

Answer 28

Gloabl warming = more hurricanes

Storm surges
– due to a depression or hurricane
removes vegetation eg marram grass or Bay of Bengals mangroves

Question 29

How can communites be effect by recssion

Answer 29

• reduces land prices
• environmental refuges - 1 bil ppl at risk

Question 30

Examples of coastal management types

Answer 30

-Advance the line more towards the sea
- Hold the line - keep the shore where its at
-Managed realignment - a managed retreat eg marsh creation
-Nothing

Question 31

What is Cost Benefit Analysis

Answer 31

benefits outweigh the coast

Question 32

what is the Integrated Coastal Zone

Answer 32

-Management across all sediment cells
- people livelihood are considered
- focus on sustainability

Question 33

Shoreline management plan

Answer 33

Each sediment cell has been considered
but doesn’t consider the exchange of sediment between them recommended by DEFRA - which has gotten less and less funding so only focus on the most urgent places

Question 34

Egs of hard engineering

Answer 34

• Groyne
• Sea Walls
  -Rock Armour

Question 35

Talk about
Groynes

Answer 35

builds up sediment
n cost effective

ugly
stops some areas from getting sand

Question 36

Sea wall

Answer 36

• very effecetive
  -attracts tourists

-ugly
-expensive

Question 37

Rock amour

Answer 37

• cheap
  -can fit the scene
• steals other rocks
• can look out of place
• can be a hazardous

Question 38

Examples of soft

Answer 38

Beach nourishment
Dune stablisation
Marsh creation

Question 39

Dune stablisation

Marsh creation

Answer 39

• cheap
• planting is time consuming
• creates biodiversity
  -may lose land

Question 40

Who are the winners

Answer 40

• ppl who benefit bc their homes rv insured or habitats protected

Question 41

Who are the losers

Answer 41

ppl who lose assets
who are attached to a place
ppl who are poor

Question 42

Impacts

Answer 42

if wave energy is deflected its worse in a different area

if sediment is more theres less somewhere else