Techniques in Pathology (P)

Question 1

What are the functions of light microscopy?

Answer 1

1) To visualize the structures of tissues and cells in healthy and diseased
2) It is an instrument for visualizing fine detail of an object

Question 2

What are the types of light microscopy?

Answer 2

1) Bright-Field Light Microscopy
2) Phase Contrast Light Microscopy
3) Dark-field Light Microscopy
4) Fluorescent Light Microscopy

Question 3

What is the principle of bright-field light microscopy?

Answer 3

Dark image against a bright bg

Question 4

In what section is bright-field light microscopy applied?

Answer 4

In microbiology

Question 5

What is the principle of phase contrast light microscope?

Answer 5

The use of an optical method to transform a sx into an amplitude image, that’s viewed by the eyepiece of the microscope

Question 6

What are the functions of phase contrast light microscope?

Answer 6

1) To determine morphologies of living cells such as plant and animal cells
2) For studying motility and structures of locomotion
3) To detect certain microbial elements such as bacterial endospores

Question 7

What is dark-field light microscopy?

Answer 7

It is a specialized type of bright field light microscope that has several similarities to the phase-contrast microscope

Question 8

What are the functions of dark-field light microscopy?

Answer 8

1) It is used to visualize living unstained cells

2) For the identification of bacterial cells w/ distinctive shapes such as Treponema pallidum

Question 9

What is the principle of action by fluorescent light microscopy?

Answer 9

It will expose the sx to ultra or violet or blue light, w/c forms an image of the sx that is emanated by the fluorescent light

Question 10

What are the functions of fluorescent light microscopy?

Answer 10

1) It is used in the visualization of bacterial agents such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis
2) It is used to identify sp Abs produced against bacterial Ags / pathogens in immunofluorescence techniques by labeling the Abs w/ fluorochromes
3) It is used in ecological studies to identify and observe microorganisms labeled by the fluorochromes
4) It can also be used to differentiate between dead and alive bacteria by the color they emit when treated w/ special stains

Question 11

What is the meaning of IHC?

Answer 11

Immunohistochemistry

Question 12

What is histochemistry?

Answer 12

It is the study of chemistry of tissues

Question 13

What are the functions of histochemistry?

Answer 13

1) It identifies cell bodies in w/c neuron-sp molecules are synthesized
2) It is used for staining of glycogen and mucosubstances

Question 14

What is the principle of action of IHC?

Answer 14

It employs Abs to visualize substances in tissue sections or cell preparation

Question 15

What is the function of IHC?

Answer 15

It localizes sites of product accumulation w/c may be in cell processes distant from the cell body

Question 16

What is electron microscopy?

Answer 16

It is the technique used for obtaining high resolution images of biological and non-biological sxs

Question 17

What is the function of electron microscopy?

Answer 17

It is used in biochemical research to investigate the detailed structure of tissues, cells, organelles, and macromolecular complexes

Question 18

What are the types of electron microscopy?

Answer 18

1) Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
2) Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
3) Reflection Electron Microscopy (REM)

Question 19

What are the functions of TEM?

Answer 19

1) It is used to view thin sxs (tissue sections and molecules) through w/c electrons can pass generating a projection image
2) To image the interior of cells, the structure of protein molecules, the organization of molecules in viruses and cytoskeletal filaments, and the arrangement of protein molecules in cell membranes

Question 20

SEM is a technique known as what?

Answer 20

Raster scanning

Question 21

What are the functions of SEM?

Answer 21

1) To produce magnified images of the sx

2) To create images of large sxs, up to several cms in size, and has a greater depth of field

Question 22

What is the result for SEM creating images of large sxs, up to several cms in size, and has a greater depth of field?

Answer 22

The images from an SEM can be good representations of the real shape of the sx

Question 23

What is the principle of REM?

Answer 23

It involves the detection of a beam of elastically scattered electrons that is reflected off of the sx that is being examined

Question 24

What are the techniques that are often used in REM?

Answer 24

1) Reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED)

2) Reflection high-energy loss spectroscopy (RHELS)