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Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Laboratory) > Inflammation and Repair (P) > Flashcards

Inflammation and Repair (P) Flashcards

1
Q

What is inflammation?

A

1) It refers to the body’s process of fighting against things that harm it (ex. infections, injuries, and toxins in attempt to heal itself)
2) It is the local response of a living tissue vascularized to any injurious agent

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of inflammation?

A

1) It is non-specific

2) It usually promotes healing

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3
Q

What are the types of inflammation?

A

1) Acute inflammation

2) Chronic inflammation

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4
Q

Answer the ff questions in connection w/ acute inflammation:

1) When is its onset?
2) What are the cells involved?
3) What are the characteristics of tissue injury?
4) What are the signs (local & systemic)?

A

1) Rapid (mins / hrs)
2) PMNs / neutrophils
3) Mild and self-limited
4) Very prominent

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5
Q

Answer the ff questions in connection w/ chronic inflammation:

1) When is its onset?
2) What are the cells involved?
3) What are the characteristics of tissue injury?
4) What are the signs (local & systemic)?

A

1) Slow (days)
2) Lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
3) Severe and progressive in nature
4) Less prominent

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6
Q

What is the Latin word where the word inflammation is derived from?

A

Inflammare

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7
Q

What is the meaning of inflammare?

A

To set on fire

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8
Q

Who is Celsus?

A

He is a roman writer in the 1st century A.D.

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9
Q

What is the contribution of Celsus?

A

He listed the 4 signs of inflammation

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10
Q

What did Celsus said?

A

“Rubor et tumor cum calore et dolore”

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11
Q

What are the 4 signs of inflammation listed by Celsus?

A

1) Rubor
2) Tumor
3) Calor
4) Dolor

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12
Q

What is the meaning of rubor?

A

Redness

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13
Q

What is the meaning of tumor?

A

Swelling

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14
Q

What is the meaning of calor?

A

Heat

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15
Q

What is the meaning of dolor?

A

Pain

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16
Q

What is the 5th sign of inflammation?

A

Functio leasa / loss of fxn

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17
Q

The 5th sign of inflammation is added by whom?

A

Rudolf Virchow

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18
Q

When did Virchow added the 5th sign of inflammation?

A

19th century

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19
Q

What is the nationality and profession of John Hunter?

A

He is a Scottish surgeon

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20
Q

What did Hunter said?

A

“Inflammation is not a disease but just a response”

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21
Q

When did Hunter said that “Inflammation is not a disease but just a response”?

A

1793

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22
Q

What is the nationality and profession of Elie Metchinkoff?

A

He is a Russian zoologist

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23
Q

What is the contribution of Metchinkoff?

A

He discovered the process of phagocytosis

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24
Q

When did Metchinkoff discovered the process of phagocytosis?

A

1880s

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25
Q

What is acute inflammation?

A

It is the rapid onset and occurs in a short duration w/c usually lasts for a few hrs / few days

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26
Q

What are the microscopic features of acute inflammation?

A

1) Protein

2) Fluid rich exudate

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27
Q

What are the 4 major purposes of acute inflammation?

A

1) Eliminate the injurious agent
2) To prevent the spread of the injurious agent
3) To remove necrotic cells and tissues
4) Initiate the repairing process

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28
Q

What are the hallmarks of acute inflammation?

A

1) Redness
2) Pain
3) Swelling
4) Warmth

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29
Q

What are the 2 events that comprises acute inflammation?

A

1) Vascular events

2) Cellular events

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30
Q

Where do vascular events occur?

A

1) Blood vessels

2) Lymphatics

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31
Q

What are the 2 phases in vascular events of blood vessels?

A

1) Increase in blood flow at the site of inflammation

2) Increase in vascular permeability

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32
Q

Cellular events are generated by what?

A

Leukocytes

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33
Q

What are the 3 steps that comprises cellular events?

A

1) Recruitment of the leukocytes to the site of inflammation from blood
2) Recognition of the offending agent
3) Removal of the offending agent

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34
Q

What are the 3 steps of the step of recruitment of the leukocytes to the site of inflammation from blood?

A

1) Adhesion of leukocytes to the endothelium
2) Transmigration (diapedesis) of leukocytes into the interstitium
3) Chemotaxis of leukocytes towards the site of inflammation in the interstitial fluid

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35
Q

What must be done in the step of recognition of the offending agent?

A

Leukocytes must be activated

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36
Q

What are the receptors that are present for the step of recognition of the offending agent?

A

1) Toll-like receptors
2) GPCR
3) Bacterial products
4) Receptors for opsonins
5) Receptors for cytokines

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37
Q

What are the fxns of toll-like receptors?

A

These recognizes:

1) Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
2) Bacterial proteoglycans
3) dsRNA (viruses)

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38
Q

What are the fxns of GPCR?

A

It recognizes:

1) Prostaglandins
2) PLT activating factors
3) Leukotriens

39
Q

What is the ex of bacterial products (w/c acts as receptor)?

A

Bacterial peptides

40
Q

What is the fxn of receptors for opsonins?

A

These recognize protein w/c *cope microbes (Abs, complement proteins, and lectins)

41
Q

What are the exs of receptors for cytokines?

A

1) Microbes

2) IFN-gamma

42
Q

What are the ways / processes of removing the offending agent?

A

1) Phagocytosis

2) Intracellular killing

43
Q

True or False

Leukocytes have several types of receptors to engulf the offending agent

A

True

44
Q

What are the types of receptors that the leukocytes have w/c aids / serves to engulf the offending agent?

A

1) Mannose receptors
2) Scavengers receptor
3) Receptors for opsonin

45
Q

When the injurious agent is removed, what should be done to the acute inflammatory response?

A

The acute inflammatory response should terminate

46
Q

True or False

There are no factors that contribute to cease the inflammatory response (in acute inflammation)

A

False, because there are several factors that contribute to cease the inflammatory response (in acute inflammation)

47
Q

In acute inflammation, when the offending agent is eliminated, what happens to the stimulus for acute inflammation?

A

The stimulus for acute inflammation no longer persist

48
Q

True or False

The mediators of acute inflammation have long half lives

A

False, because the mediators of acute inflammation have short half lives

49
Q

What is the lifespan of neutrophil after leaving the circulation?

A

Neutrophil live a short duration

50
Q

*What are the concepts that happen (in connection to mediators of acute inflammation)?

A

1) Switch of pro inflammatory leukotriens into anti inflammatory lipoxins
2) Liberation of anti-inflammatory cytokine (TGF and IL-10)
3) Production of anti-inflammatory lipid mediators (protectins)
4) Presence of neural impulses

51
Q

What are the characteristics of exudate?

A

1) It is present due to increase vascular permeability
2) It has a high protein content
3) It has a high neutrophil content and it is rich in cellular debris
4) It has a high SG
5) It clinically causes as non-pitting edema

52
Q

What are the characteristics of transudate?

A

1) It is present due to an imbalance of the hydrostatic and osmotic forces bet the vessels in the interstitial fluid
2) It has a low protein content
3) It has little / no cellular mat at all
4) It has a low SG
5) It is clinically expressed as pitting edema

53
Q

What is chronic inflammation?

A

It is a type of inflammation of prolonged duration often for mos, yrs, or even indefinitely

54
Q

The prolonged course of chronic inflammation is proved by what?

A

By persistence of the causative agent in the tissues

55
Q

In chronic inflammation, often the persistent inflammatory changes are combined w/ what?

A

Combined w/ attempts at healing

56
Q

What are the 2 major characteristics of chronic inflammation?

A

1) Ongoing tissue destruction is present

* 2) Attempts at repair by fibrosis (w/ or w/out regeneration of the cell depends on the tissue involved)

57
Q

What is the other characteristic of chronic inflammation?

A

1) It may develop soon after an acute inflammatory response

2) It may be insidious in onset

58
Q

*What are the causes of chronic inflammation?

A

1) Persistent in infections
2) Persistent in indigestible mat
3) Immune mediated rxns
4) Following an acute inflammatory response
5) Repeated episodes of acute inflammation

59
Q

What are the principles of persistent in infections (as a cause of chronic inflammation)?

A

1) Some organisms may be difficult to be eradicated from our body
2) They may persist within cells or tissues for a longer period of time

60
Q

What are the exs infections that are persistent?

A

1) MTB w/c causes TB
2) Mycobacterium leprae w/c causes leprosy
3) Treponema pallidum w/c causes syphilis

61
Q

*What are the 2 types of the cause of chronic inflammation w/c is persistent in indigestible mat?

A

1) Endogenous

2) Exogenous

62
Q

What are the exs of endogenous mats (w/c are persistent in indigestible mat)?

A

1) Necrotic bone
2) Adipose tissue
3) Calcium
4) Uric deposits

63
Q

What are the exs of exogenous mats (w/c are persistent in indigestible mat)?

A

1) Silica
2) Asbestos fibers
3) Suture mat

64
Q

*What are the exs of immune mediated rxns (as a cause of chronic inflammation)?

A

1) Autoimmune rxns
2) Organ transplant rejections
3) Unregulated immune responses against a particular organism
4) Hypersensitivity rxns

65
Q

What is the principle of autoimmune rxns?

A

It is where an immune response that occur is against our own body Ags

66
Q

What are the exs of autoimmune disorders that causes autoimmune rxns?

A

1) RA
2) SLE
3) Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
4) Chronic autoimmune gastritis

67
Q

What is the principle of organ transplant rejections?

A

It is where the immune response occur against the Ags of the donor organ

68
Q

*What are the exs of unregulated immune responses against a particular organism?

A

1) Inflammatory bowel disease

2) Ulcerative colitis

69
Q

What principle is present in inflammatory bowel disease?

A

Unregulated immune response to certain commensal bacteria

70
Q

What are hypersensitivity rxns?

A

These are inappropriate responses to a generally harmless Ag

71
Q

*What are the exs (conditions / disorders) w/c can cause hypersensitivity rxns?

A

1) Chronic bronchial asthma

2) Hypersensitivity pneumonitis

72
Q

What is the type of hypersensitivity rxn present in chronic bronchial asthma and what is the action of this hypersensitivity rxn?

A

Type 1 hypersensitivity rxn against various inhaled Ags

73
Q

What is the type of hypersensitivity rxn present hypersensitivity pneumonitis?

A

Type 3 hypersensitivity rxn

74
Q

Persistent abscesses are usually formed during what?

A

Acute inflammation

75
Q

What happens to acute inflammatory abscess if it cannot be drained out either via surgically or spontaneously?

A

It becomes a chronic abscess

76
Q

Repeated attacks of acute pancreatitis such as in chronic alcohol abusers can cause what?

A

Development of chronic pancreatitis

77
Q

Repeated attacks of acute cholecystitis such as in pts w/ gallstone disease can develop to what?

A

Chronic cholecystitis

78
Q

What are the macroscopic features present in chronic inflammation due to tissue destruction includes what?

A

1) Involvement of an epithelial surface may result in the formation of ulcer
2) Parenchymal tissue chronic inflammation may give rise to cavitatory lesions
3) Formation of chronic abscess
4) Formation of sinus
5) Formation of fistula

79
Q

What are the macroscopic features that are present due to fibrosis in chronic inflammation?

A

1) In hollow organs, the thickening of the wall such as in chronic gallstone disease
2) Distortion of the organ when fibrous tissue tends to contract due to the presence of myofibroblasts. The main goal of this contraction is to reduce the size of the scar

80
Q

What are the microscopic features that are present in chronic inflammation?

A

1) Mononuclear cell infiltration can be seen
2) Tissue necrosis
3) Tissue regeneration
4) Granulation and fibrous tissue
5) Granulomatous inflammation (there may be multinucleated giant cells)

81
Q

What is granulomatous inflammation?

A

It is a special type of chronic inflammation w/c is commonly seen in TB

82
Q

What are the processes in healing?

A

1) Resolution
2) Regeneration
3) Repair

83
Q

What is resolution?

A

1) It is the process of the scavenging of dead tissue and foreign mat by macrophages
2) It is a preliminary to regeneration and repair

84
Q

What is regeneration?

A

It is the replacement of lost and dead tissue by tissue similar in type

85
Q

When do regeneration only occur?

A

It only occurs when surviving cells of a tissue are capable of cell division

86
Q

What are the exs of tissues that are capable of regeneration?

A

1) Epithelial surfaces (ex. epidermis of the skin)
2) Blood capillaries
3) Some supporting tissue (ex. bone)

87
Q

What is repair?

A

It is the replacement of lost and dead tissue by tissue of a diff type, usually fibrous tissue

88
Q

True or False

Healing by repair is inevitable in some tissues when cells are lost (ex. muscle and nerve cells) w/c cannot regenerate

A

True

89
Q

What is the principle of healing by repair?

A

After damage to a tissue, there’s an acute inflammatory rxn in surrounding liver tissues, w/ formation of blood clot if vessels have been damaged

90
Q

What are the concepts present in healing by repair?

A

1) Macrophages in the inflammatory exudate scavenge fibrin, dead cells and other mat
2) Newly-formed capillaries grow into the area, accompanied by fibroblasts
3) Fibroblasts do 2 things: they contract, w/c can reduce the extent of the damaged area, and they lay down collagen fibers
4) Finally, most capillaries and cells disappear leaving a mass of collagen (ex. fibrous tissue, or scar)

91
Q

What is the method of healing for the given tissue?

Given tissue: Heart muscle

A

Repair

92
Q

What is the method of healing for the given tissue?

Given tissue: Bone

A

Regeneration, sometimes repair

93
Q

What is the method of healing for the given tissue?

Given tissue: Skin

A

Regeneration of epidermis and repair of dermis

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Laboratory) (20 decks)

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