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Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Laboratory) > Cell Adaptation + Cell Injury (P) > Flashcards

Cell Adaptation + Cell Injury (P) Flashcards

1
Q

*What are the factors that can cause reversible changes (in cell adaptation)?

A

1) Size
2) Phenotype
3) Metabolic activity
4) Function cell

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2
Q

What are the types of cell adaptation?

A

1) Hypertrophy
2) Hyperplasia
3) Atrophy
4) Metaplasia

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3
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

It is the increase in cell / tissue size

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4
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

It is the increase in cell / tissue #

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5
Q

What is atrophy?

A

It is the decrease in mass of the cell / tissue

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6
Q

What is metaplasia?

A

It is the reversible change of 1 type of epithelial adult cells to another type of epithelial adult cells or mesenchymal cells

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7
Q

Why is metaplasia present?

A

It is present in response to abnormal stimuli

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8
Q

If metaplasia is present, when will the tissue / cell return back to normal?

A

It returns back to normal when the stimulus is removed

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9
Q

What happens if stimulus persist for a long time (in the case of metaplasia)?

A

Cancer occurs

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10
Q

What are the types of metaplasia?

A

1) Epithelial cell metaplasia

2) Mesenchymal cell metaplasia

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11
Q

What is the characteristic of epithelial cell metaplasia?

A

It is more common > mesenchymal cell metaplasia

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12
Q

What is the characteristic of metaplastic changes present in epithelial cell metaplasia?

A

These may be patchy or diffused

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13
Q

What is the mechanism present in epithelial cell metaplasia?

A

The replacement by stronger but less well-specialized epithelium

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14
Q

What are the types of epithelial cell metaplasia?

A

1) Squamous epithelial metaplasia

2) Columnar epithelial metaplasia

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15
Q

What is the characteristic of squamous epithelial metaplasia?

A

It is more common > columnar epithelial metaplasia

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16
Q

What is the cause of presence of squamous epithelial metaplasia?

A

It is present due to chronic irritation

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17
Q

What are the types of chronic irritation that can cause squamous epithelial metaplasia?

A

1) Mechanical
2) Chemical
3) Infection

18
Q

Provide ex of the principle of squamous epithelial metaplasia

A

For habitual smokers, the normal columnar epithelial cells of the trachea and bronchi are replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells

19
Q

Where can epithelial cell metaplasia be present and what are the conditions / disorders where epithelial cell metaplasia be present?

A

1) Prostate gland
2) Chronic prostatitis
3) Estrogen therapy

20
Q

What is the principle of columnar epithelial metaplasia?

A

There are some conditions in w/c there’s a transformation of squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium

21
Q

What are the characteristic of mesenchymal cell metaplasia?

A

1) It is less often > epithelial cell metaplasia

2) There is a presence of osseus

22
Q

What is osseus?

A

It is the formation of bone in fibrous tissue, cartilage, and myxoid tissue

23
Q

Provide an ex where mesenchymal cell metaplasia is present

A

In the arterial wall of old people

24
Q

What are the 4 interrelated cell systems that are vulnerable to injury?

A

1) Membranes
2) Aerobic respiration
3) Protein synthesis
4) Genetic apparatus

25
Q

*What are the types of membranes (as a cell system that is vulnerable to injury)?

A

1) Cellular

2) Organellar

26
Q

What is the result if the cell is not able to adapt?

A

It will lead to cell injury

27
Q

What are the common causes of cell injury?

A

1) Hypoxia
2) Physical and chemical agents
3) Nutritional deficiency / nutritional imbalances
4) Infections and immunologic causes
5) Iatrogenic causes
6) Genetics

28
Q

What is the cause of hypoxia?

A

Reduced blood flow (ischemia)

29
Q

What are present in the case of hypoxia?

A

1) Inadequate oxygenation of blood

2) Decrease O2 carrying capacity (anemia)

30
Q

What are the infections and immunologic causes (w/c are common causes of cell injury)?

A

1) Hypersensitivity rxns
2) Autoimmune rxns
3) Immune deficiency

31
Q

Provide an ex of iatrogenic cause (as a common cause of cell injury)?

A

Accidental ingestion of drugs

32
Q

What are the genetic causes (w/c are common causes of cell injury)?

A

1) Inborn errors in metabolism

2) Gross malformations

33
Q

What are idiopathic diseases?

A

These are diseases where the cause is not known

34
Q

What are the basic principles of pathogenesis that remain the same?

A

1) Nature of injury
2) Duration of injury
3) Severity of the injured cell
4) Type of cell state
5) Adaptability of the injured cell

35
Q

*The basic principles of pathogenesis w/c remains the same results from what?

A

These results from various biochemical mechanism acting on several components within the cell

36
Q

Provide an ex / rationale of pathogenesis

A

Ischemia (w/c causes hypoxia) is present -> oxidative phosphorylation is decreased -> ATP lvls are decreased

3 results of decreased ATP lvls:

1) Decrease in NA^+ pump -> increase in influx of Ca^2+, H2O, and Na^+ -> increase in efflux of K^+ -> resulting to the swelling of ER and cell, loss of microvilli, and bleb formation
2) Increase anaerobic glycolysis -> 2.1) decrease in glycogen, 2.2) increase in lactic acid, and 3) decrease in pH -> resulting to clumping of nuclear chromatin
3) Detachment of ribosomes is present -> decrease protein synthesis -> resulting to lipid disposition

37
Q

What are the types of cell injury?

A

1) Reversible

2) Irreversible

38
Q

What is the principle of reversible cell injury?

A

If the injury (cell / tissue) can regain homeostasis and return to its morphologically and functionally normal state

39
Q

What is the principle of irreversible cell injury?

A

It the injury (cell / tissue) can’t be brought back to its normal lvl, even if the cell injury stimulus is removed

40
Q

What is the result if irreversible cell injury is present?

A

It results to cell death

Histopathology and Cytologic Techniques (Laboratory) (20 decks)

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