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NE > TCA Cycle > Flashcards

TCA Cycle Flashcards

1
Q

What happens to pyruvate in aerobic conditions?

A

converts to acetyl coenzyme A

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2
Q

what does Acetyl CoA do?

A

Links glycolysis from cytoplasm to krebs in matrix of mitochondria

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3
Q

What cells lack mitochondria?

A

RBC - only perform glycolysis

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4
Q

What is each pyruvic acid converted to?

A

2 carbon acetyl group

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5
Q

How is acetyl coA made?

A

remove 1 molecule of co2 as waste so NAD+ to NADH

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6
Q

What is the net gain from glycolysis and link reaction?

A

2 ATP - 4 NADH - 2 Acetyl coA

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7
Q

What is pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency?

A

sex linked disease
build up of lactic acid in body (lactic acidosis)
nausea vomiting - neuro problems

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8
Q

What occurs in krebs cycle?

A

Redox and decarboxylation reactions

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9
Q

What do redox reactions do?

A

Transfer energy to NAD and FAD

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10
Q

How many ATP molecules in krebs?

A

12 ATP - 24 per glucose

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11
Q

What does acetyl group in krebs cycle do?

A

Generates 6 carbon molecule citrate - coA recycled

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12
Q

What does acetyl group entry create?

A

citrate and regenerates coA

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13
Q

What happens to citrate?

A

Isomerisation to isocitric acid

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14
Q

Where does oxidative decarboxylation occur?

A

Remove CO2 and forms NADH and alphae ketoglutarate from isocitrate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Where does substrate level phosphorylation occur?

A

from succinyl coA displaced for phosphate transferred to GDP and donated to ATP forms succinate

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16
Q

Where does dehydration occur?

A

succinate oxidised to furmarate by FADH2 formation

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17
Q

Where does hydration occur?

A

Furmurate converted to malate by adding water

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18
Q

What does dehydrogenation do?

A

converts to oxaloacetate and forms NADH

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19
Q

Which enzyme allows substrate level phosphorylation?

A

succinyl coA synthetase

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20
Q

What does regulation of TCA depend on?

A

substrate availability
inhibition by product accumulation
allosteric inhibition

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21
Q

What is citrate synthase inhibited by?

A

Citrate and ATP

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22
Q

What is isocitrate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

NADH and ATP activated by ADP

23
Q

What is Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase inhibited by?

A

NADH and succinyl coA

24
Q

How is TCA regulated?

A

Pyruvate dehydrogenase inhibited by NADH and acetyl coA

25
Q

What regulates the enzyme in TCA?

A

pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase and phosphatase

26
Q

What is ATP used for in TCA?

A

phosphorylate a key SER residue to inactivate the enzyme

27
Q

What is kinase activated by?

A

ATP, NADH, acetyl coA

28
Q

What inhibits kinase in TCA?

A

Pyruvate

29
Q

What happens in Arsenic poisoning?

A

headaches, confusion, drowsiness - convulsions occur - organs affected are skin and kidney and liver - allosteric inhibition of essential metabolic enzyme PDH complex

30
Q

What is the ETC?

A

series of electron carriers - as electrons pass through chain exergonic reactions release energy used to form ATP

31
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

Links chemical reactions with pumping of H+ ions - final electron acceptor is oxygen to form water

32
Q

What is flavin mononucloetides?

A

Flavoprotein - vitamin B2

33
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

Proteins with iron containing group can exist in reduced Fe2 and oxidised Fe3 form

34
Q

What do iron-sulfur centres?

A

contain 2 or 4 iron atoms bound to sulfur atoms - forms electron transfer centre

35
Q

What are copper atoms bound to?

A

2 proteins in the chain participate in electron transfer

36
Q

What is coenzyme Q?

A

is a non-protein carrier in lipid bilayer

37
Q

Where do electrons pass from?

A

NADH TO NADH reductase - electrons accepted by FMN then passed to iron clusters

38
Q

Where are Electrons passed to?

A

coenzyme Q 0 ubiquinone - shuttles electrons to cytochrome reductase

39
Q

Where are Electrons next shuttled by cytochrome c?

A

to cytochrome oxidase copper converted to Cu+

40
Q

What does cytochrome c oxidase pass?

A

pass 4 electrons to molecular oxygen to form 2 molecules of water

41
Q

How many molecules of ATP generated in ETC?

A

32 or 34

42
Q

What made in glycolysis that cant enter mitochondria?

A

NADH

43
Q

What does NADH do?

A

Donate electrons to malate or glycerol phosphate shuttle

44
Q

What organs use malate shuttles and how many ATPs?

A

3 ATP molecules

Liver, kidney, heart

45
Q

What shuttle does rest of body use?

A

glycerol phosphate shuttle - 2 ATP molecules FAD as H acceptor

46
Q

What does NADH from cytosol give 2 electrons to?

A

DHAP - dihydroxyacetone phosphate to form glycerol-3-phosphate

47
Q

What does Glyc-3-phos bind to?

A

Inner membrane dehydrogenase which has FAD prosthetic group

48
Q

What does G3P transfer its electrons to?

A

FAD prosthetic group - CoQ binds to FAD to take electron to ETC to cytochrome reducate

49
Q

What is cytosolic NADH electrons equivalent to?

A

Mitochondria generated FAD electrons

50
Q

How many ATPs from glycolysis?

A

oxidation of glucose to pyruvic acid molecules = 2 ATP substrate level phosphorylation
Production of 2 NADH + 2H - 4-6 ATP oxidative phosphorylation

51
Q

How many ATPs in Link reaction?

A

6 ATP from oxidative phosphorylation - 2 NADH and 2 H

52
Q

How many ATP from krebs and ETC?

A

Oxidation of succinyl coA to succinic acid = 2 GTPs to atp
Production of 6NADH % h = 18 Oxidative ATP
Production of 2 FADH - 4 Oxidative ATPS

53
Q

Total ATP per glucose molecule?

A

36-38

NE (17 decks)

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