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NE > Glucose Metabolism > Flashcards

Glucose Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

All chemical reactions in the body

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2
Q

What is catabolism?

A

breaking down complex molecules - exergonic as release energy

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3
Q

What is catabolic reactions important in?

A

Glycolysis , TCA cycle and electron transport chain

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4
Q

What is anabolism?

A

Endergonic, building complex molecules so requires energy

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5
Q

What are metabolic reactions controlled by?

A

enzymes

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6
Q

Do molecules have a infinite lifespan?

A

Nope, they all undergo catabolism

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7
Q

How do cells take up energy from their enviroment?

A

Through diet as provides a range of molecules needed as building blocks for key process

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8
Q

How do cells synthesize macromolecules?

A

energy generated from diet used

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9
Q

what are the 3 fates of nutrients?

A

Supply energy
Serve as building blocks
Stored for future use

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10
Q

what is the molecule used for energy transfer?

A

ATP - adenosine triphosphate

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11
Q

What bonds of ATP have high chemical potential energy?

A

Phosphoanhydride bonds of atp

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12
Q

is ATP an energy source?

A

No

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13
Q

What is lifespan of ATP molecule?

A

1 MIN

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14
Q

What does anabolic reactions transfer energy from - to?

A

From ATP to complex molecules

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15
Q

What does catabolic reactions transfer energy from-to?

A

from complex molecules to ATP

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16
Q

What is an e.g of complex molecules?

A

Glycogen
proteins
triglycerides

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17
Q

What are sources of carbohydrate?

A

Starch - glucose , plants
Glycogen - animals glucose
Lactose - glucose to galactose
Sucrose - glucose to fructose

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18
Q

What is the only mechanism in the body that can make energy without oxygen?

A

Glucose metabolism

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19
Q

What is glucose a major substrate for?

A

Cellular respirations

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20
Q

What does fate of glucose depend on?

A

ATP production
AA synthesis
Glycogen synthesis
Triglyceride synthesis

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21
Q

Where/To does glucose move in body?

A

Intestinal lumen to cytosol to blood

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22
Q

What is cellular uptake facilitated by?

A

Glucose transports

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23
Q

What transporters do most tissues use?

A

GLUT 2 - low km, and not affected by insulin

24
Q

What does low km mean?

A

low concentration level to activate

25
Q

What transporters do hepatocytes use?

A

GLUT 2 - regulated by insulin and high km

26
Q

What happens to glucose upon entering a cell?

A

Phosphorylated

27
Q

What uses GLUT 4?

A

Striated muscle and adipose tissue

28
Q

Where is glut4 inserted?

A

PM in response to insulin

29
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

10 reactions

splits 6 carbon glucose into 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid

30
Q

Where is glycolysis carried out?

A

Cytosol to generate energy

31
Q

What does fructose 1,6, biphosphate split into and uses what enzyme?

A

Aldolase - intro

dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

32
Q

How many ATP invested in glycolysis?

A

2 ATPS

33
Q

What are 4 molecules of ATP generated for?

A

2 for each 3-carbon molecule

34
Q

In step 6 what other 2 molecules generated?

A

NADH, H+

35
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Oxidation of glucose to produce atp

36
Q

What is biochemical reaction for glycolysis?

A

Glucose oxidised, 2 molecules of pyruvic acid are produced - production of 2 molecules of ATP and 2 molecules of NADH

37
Q

What is biochemical reaction for acetyl coenzyme a?

A

Transition to prepare pyruvic acid for entry to tca cycle, produces NADH, H, CO2

38
Q

What is biochemical pathways for tca krebs cycle?

A

oxidises acetyl coenzyme a and produced atp, co2, nadh, h, fadh2

39
Q

What is biochemical for electron transport chain?

A

Oxidises nadh, h, fadh2 and transfers electrons through electrons carriers, atp produced by atpsynthase

40
Q

What does fate of pyruvate depend on?

A

Oxygen availability

41
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid with oxygen?

A

acetyl coenzyme a and enters tca cycle

42
Q

What happens to pyruvic acid when no oxygen?

A

Reduced to lactic acid

43
Q

What is galactose converted at?

A

Glucose - 6 - phosphate, multistep pathway

44
Q

What is fructose converted at?

A

Phosphorylated by hexokinase in muscle and adipose to fructose-6-phosphate

45
Q

What tissues have an absolute requirement for glucose?

A

Blood 120g

Erythrocytes 40g

46
Q

What 3 steps in glycolysis irreversible due to atp ?

A

hexokinase
phosphofructokinase
pyruvate kinase

47
Q

How are the key enzymes regulated?

A

Allosteric effects of metabolites - feedback due to build up of amp
Hormonal actions - enzyme modify ST, induction of enzyme LT

48
Q

What does liver do?

A

Act as body sink for glucose
stores glucose
site for glucenogensis

49
Q

What does pancreas to?

A

Pancreatic amylases and bicarbonate to aid carb digestions, produces insulin and glucagon

50
Q

What is hexokinase?

A

Universal, unaffected by insulin, low km, inhibited by glucose-6-phosphate

51
Q

what activates fructose-6-phosphate?

A

AMP

Insulin

52
Q

What inhibits fructose-6-phosphate?

A

ATP, Citrate, glucagon

53
Q

What activates phosphenolpyruvate?

A

Fruct,1,6,biph

insulin

54
Q

What inhibits phosphonenolpyruvate?

A

ATP, Coenzyme a, glucagon

55
Q

what are 2 peptide hormones for blood sugar?

A

Insulin - lowers blood glucose

Glucagon - increases blood glucose

56
Q

what regulates level of peptide hormones?

A

Glucose concentrations

NE (17 decks)

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