TBL Vaccines Flashcards
Antibody Therapy via Passive Immunization
Provide immediate but temporary protection transferring immunity by antiserum or purified antibodies (polyclonal antibodies).
Humanized mABs
Use mouse CDR sequences (obtained from immunized mice), rest of the mAb is human sequences
Humanized Ig genes are cloned into mammalian cells,
which then express and secrete the mAb
Cytokine Therapy examples
- IFN- (treatment for some forms of viral hepatitis and cancer)
- IL-2 (treatment for some types of cancer and to promote restoration of T cell numbers)
- GM-CSF (treatment to promote recovery of bone marrow)
Soluble Receptor Therapy
Soluble forms of key cytokine receptors have potential as therapeutics to modulate immune responses.
- extracellular ligand-binding domain of a human receptor fused to Fc portion of human Ig
- cloned into, expressed and secreted by cell lines; allowing for mass production
Antivenin (Ig from horses immunized with snake venom) is an example of what?
Passive immunity
Problems of cytokine therapy
side effects, many cytokines have pleiotropic effects
- short half-life of cytokines requires frequent administration
- expensive
Examples of soluble receptors
binds tightly to B7 proteins on surface of activated APCs, thereby blocks B7 from binding to CD28 and blocks co-stimulation necessary for activation of naïve T cells
Monoclonal antibodies in patient therapy
Antibody for a single epitope, Produced by B cell hybridoma
Vaccine for INfluenza virus
Killed Vaccine
Immunotherapy
treatment of a disease with therapeutic agents that promote/inhibit immune responses
Features of effective vaccines
Safe, protective, gives sustained protection, induces neutralizing antibody, Induces protective T cells, practical considerations
Vaccine for Diphtheria and Tetanus
subunit vaccines
Route of Vaccination: Injections
Intradermal – inactivated influenza virus vaccine.
Subcutaneous – fatty tissue, Live measles, Mumps, MMR.
Intramuscular
- below the dermis & subcutaneous tissue, Inactivated diphterhia, tetanus, Pertussis
Booster Shot
Additional dose of a vaccine needed to boost immune system performed on an immunization schedule, trigger a memory response, thereby enhancing adaptive immunity to the pathogen.
Polysaccharide capsule
T cell independent antigens used as vaccines.
Problems with conjugate vaccine
Young children do not mount an effective T cell-independent antibody response and connot be vaccinated effectively with polysaccharide vaccines.
TNFR-Ig
binds tightly to soluble TNF, thereby blocks TNF from binding to the TNF receptor (TNFR) on cells and inhibits TNF from promoting inflammation
Polyclonal antibodies in patient therapy
- B cells specific for various epitopes on the antigen, activated, and secrete antibodies
- Polyclonal of B cell produce antigen-specific antibodies and considered together as “polyclonal antibody” specific for the antigen.
Adjuvants
include soluble protein antigens, microbial components, and aluminum salt. Enchance the immunogenicity fo antigens
Active Immunity
Induction of immune response by injection of antigen in an immunogenic form
Chimeric mABs
Use mouse V region gene sequences (obtained from immunized mice) and human C region sequences
Chimeric mouse-human Ig genes are cloned into mammalian cells, which then express and secrete the mAb
Live vaccines in route of vaccination in mucosal approaches
live vaccines given by nose or mouth elicit immunity (igA)
Haemophilus influenzae infection vaccine?
conjugate, helper T cell-dependent antibody response.
Route of vaccination mucosal approaches
intranasal Vaccine - influenza
Mucosal Approaches - Live attentuated influenza virus
Oral vaccine
live attenuated rotavirus vaccine.
Problems of Monoclonal antibodies
Mouse mAbs have mouse Fc regions that don’t always interact well with human complement or human Fc receptors.
Mouse mAbs, when administered into a human patient elicit production of anti-mouse Ig antibodies.
* Cause immune complex diseases
* Neutralize the effects of the mAb
Polio, MMR, Varicella vaccines?
Live Vaccines
Subunit vaccines
Component of pathogens that induce antibody responses, prepare from pathogen, inactivated subunits that are safe and retain antigenicity, raised against toxoids to neutralize their effects
Killed Vaccines
Viruses unable to replicate, produce no viral proteins, elicit antibody responses.
Cytokine Therapy
Cytokines have potential as therapeutics to improve immunity (stimulatory or growth factor cytokines).
Recombinant cytokines: cytokine genes cloned into, expressed and secreted by cell lines; allowing for mass production
Live vaccines
2 tyeps - Nonvirulent in humans, attenuated that they don’t cause disease. Infect cells and replicate such that viral peptides present Class I MHC receptors. Elicit Cytoxic CD9 t cells and cell-mediated & humoral immunity, can cause virulent opportunistic infections in immunodeficient recepients
Vaccination
deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine.
Passive immunity
Transfer of immunity by antiserum or purified antibodies, provides immediate but temporary protection
Conjugate Vaccine
Bacterial polysacchirdes conjugated to a protein, elicit antibodies specific for the polysaccharide cell, mainly do opsonization mediated by anti-polysacc antibodies
Solution to conjugate vaccine problems.
. Polysaccharide is conjugated chemically to foreign protein
- B cells express a BCR w/ specificity for polysaccharide component can present peptides from the linked toxoid (a protein) to T cells & receive help from toxoid-specific helper T cells.
- Thus, a T cell-dependent anti-polysaccharide antibody response is generated.
Vaccination si an example of what kind of immunity?
Active immunity
