TBL Vaccines

Question 1

Antibody Therapy via Passive Immunization

Answer 1

Provide immediate but temporary protection transferring immunity by antiserum or purified antibodies (polyclonal antibodies).

Question 2

Humanized mABs

Answer 2

Use mouse CDR sequences (obtained from immunized mice), rest of the mAb is human sequences

Humanized Ig genes are cloned into mammalian cells,
which then express and secrete the mAb

Question 3

Cytokine Therapy examples

Answer 3

1. IFN- (treatment for some forms of viral hepatitis and cancer)
2. IL-2 (treatment for some types of cancer and to promote restoration of T cell numbers)
3. GM-CSF (treatment to promote recovery of bone marrow)

Question 4

Soluble Receptor Therapy

Answer 4

Soluble forms of key cytokine receptors have potential as therapeutics to modulate immune responses.

• extracellular ligand-binding domain of a human receptor fused to Fc portion of human Ig
• cloned into, expressed and secreted by cell lines; allowing for mass production

Question 5

Antivenin (Ig from horses immunized with snake venom) is an example of what?

Answer 5

Passive immunity

Question 6

Problems of cytokine therapy

Answer 6

side effects, many cytokines have pleiotropic effects

• short half-life of cytokines requires frequent administration
• expensive

Question 7

Examples of soluble receptors

Answer 7

binds tightly to B7 proteins on surface of activated APCs, thereby blocks B7 from binding to CD28 and blocks co-stimulation necessary for activation of naïve T cells

Question 8

Monoclonal antibodies in patient therapy

Answer 8

Antibody for a single epitope, Produced by B cell hybridoma

Question 9

Vaccine for INfluenza virus

Answer 9

Killed Vaccine

Question 10

Immunotherapy

Answer 10

treatment of a disease with therapeutic agents that promote/inhibit immune responses

Question 11

Features of effective vaccines

Answer 11

Safe, protective, gives sustained protection, induces neutralizing antibody, Induces protective T cells, practical considerations

Question 12

Vaccine for Diphtheria and Tetanus

Answer 12

subunit vaccines

Question 13

Route of Vaccination: Injections

Answer 13

Intradermal – inactivated influenza virus vaccine.
Subcutaneous – fatty tissue, Live measles, Mumps, MMR.
Intramuscular
- below the dermis & subcutaneous tissue, Inactivated diphterhia, tetanus, Pertussis

Question 14

Booster Shot

Answer 14

Additional dose of a vaccine needed to boost immune system performed on an immunization schedule, trigger a memory response, thereby enhancing adaptive immunity to the pathogen.

Question 15

Polysaccharide capsule

Answer 15

T cell independent antigens used as vaccines.

Question 16

Problems with conjugate vaccine

Answer 16

Young children do not mount an effective T cell-independent antibody response and connot be vaccinated effectively with polysaccharide vaccines.

Question 17

TNFR-Ig

Answer 17

binds tightly to soluble TNF, thereby blocks TNF from binding to the TNF receptor (TNFR) on cells and inhibits TNF from promoting inflammation

Question 18

Polyclonal antibodies in patient therapy

Answer 18

• B cells specific for various epitopes on the antigen, activated, and secrete antibodies
• Polyclonal of B cell produce antigen-specific antibodies and considered together as “polyclonal antibody” specific for the antigen.

Question 19

Adjuvants

Answer 19

include soluble protein antigens, microbial components, and aluminum salt. Enchance the immunogenicity fo antigens

Question 20

Active Immunity

Answer 20

Induction of immune response by injection of antigen in an immunogenic form

Question 21

Chimeric mABs

Answer 21

Use mouse V region gene sequences (obtained from immunized mice) and human C region sequences

Chimeric mouse-human Ig genes are cloned into mammalian cells, which then express and secrete the mAb

Question 22

Live vaccines in route of vaccination in mucosal approaches

Answer 22

live vaccines given by nose or mouth elicit immunity (igA)

Question 23

Haemophilus influenzae infection vaccine?

Answer 23

conjugate, helper T cell-dependent antibody response.

Question 24

Route of vaccination mucosal approaches

Answer 24

intranasal Vaccine - influenza

Mucosal Approaches - Live attentuated influenza virus

Question 25

Oral vaccine

Answer 25

live attenuated rotavirus vaccine.

Question 26

Problems of Monoclonal antibodies

Answer 26

Mouse mAbs have mouse Fc regions that don’t always interact well with human complement or human Fc receptors.
Mouse mAbs, when administered into a human patient elicit production of anti-mouse Ig antibodies.
* Cause immune complex diseases
* Neutralize the effects of the mAb

Question 27

Polio, MMR, Varicella vaccines?

Answer 27

Live Vaccines

Question 28

Subunit vaccines

Answer 28

Component of pathogens that induce antibody responses, prepare from pathogen, inactivated subunits that are safe and retain antigenicity, raised against toxoids to neutralize their effects

Question 29

Killed Vaccines

Answer 29

Viruses unable to replicate, produce no viral proteins, elicit antibody responses.

Question 30

Cytokine Therapy

Answer 30

Cytokines have potential as therapeutics to improve immunity (stimulatory or growth factor cytokines).

Recombinant cytokines: cytokine genes cloned into, expressed and secreted by cell lines; allowing for mass production

Question 31

Live vaccines

Answer 31

2 tyeps - Nonvirulent in humans, attenuated that they don’t cause disease. Infect cells and replicate such that viral peptides present Class I MHC receptors. Elicit Cytoxic CD9 t cells and cell-mediated & humoral immunity, can cause virulent opportunistic infections in immunodeficient recepients

Question 32

Vaccination

Answer 32

deliberate induction of adaptive immunity to a pathogen by injecting a vaccine.

Question 33

Passive immunity

Answer 33

Transfer of immunity by antiserum or purified antibodies, provides immediate but temporary protection

Question 34

Conjugate Vaccine

Answer 34

Bacterial polysacchirdes conjugated to a protein, elicit antibodies specific for the polysaccharide cell, mainly do opsonization mediated by anti-polysacc antibodies

Question 35

Solution to conjugate vaccine problems.

Answer 35

. Polysaccharide is conjugated chemically to foreign protein

2. B cells express a BCR w/ specificity for polysaccharide component can present peptides from the linked toxoid (a protein) to T cells & receive help from toxoid-specific helper T cells.
3. Thus, a T cell-dependent anti-polysaccharide antibody response is generated.

Question 36

Vaccination si an example of what kind of immunity?

Answer 36

Active immunity