TB, HIV + AIDS Flashcards
TB is caused by..
mycobacterium tuberculosis, most often affects the lungs
What is the lifetime risk of falling ill with TB?
- 5-10% lifetime risk of falling ill with TB
- Those with comprised immune systems (HIV, malnutrition, diabetes): higher risk of falling ill
how many people died of tuberculosis in 2019? How many people fell ill worldwide?
- 1.4 mil people died 2019
- 10 mil people fell ill worldwide
Who is at risk?
- Adults in their most productive years, however all age groups at risk
- Over 95% cases + deaths in developing countries
- HIV infected people
- Suffering from other conditions impairing the immune system
- Undernutrition
- Alcohol use disorder
- Tobacco smoking
Symptoms of TB?
Symptoms
- Cough with sputum and blood at times
- Chest pain
- Weakness
- Weight loss
- Fever
- Night sweats
Diagnosis of TB?
- use of rapid molecular diagnostic tests (Xpert MTB/RIF, Xpert Ultra and Truenat assays)
- Diagnosing multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) and other resistant forms of TB as well as HIV-associated TB can be complex and expensive
- Diagnosis in children particularly difficult
Treatment of TB?
- (active, drug-susceptible TB) is treated with a 6-month course of 4 antimicrobial drugs that are provided with information and support to the patient by a health worker or trained volunteer
What are preventative measures for TB?
- prevent development of drug resistance through high quality treatment of drug susceptible TB
- Expand rapid testing and detection of drug-resistant TB cases
- Prevent transmission through infection control
- Provide immediate access to effective treatment and proper care
- Increase political commitment with financing
What are four scenario’s that may happen after infection?
1) Bacteria don’t get far enough: bacteria are not breathed in
2) Bacteria are breathed in, get in alveoli: get picked up by macrophages. They are destroyed. -> latent
3) Bacteria get breathed in, macrophages cannot destroy the bacteria. -> latent
4) Bacteria get breathed in, bacteria are multiplying and filling up the alveoli. Macrophages are alerted. ‘Active scenario’, the bacteria are thriving.
What does HIV do?
- Targets the immune system, weakens people’s defence against many infections, some types of cancer that people with healthy immune systems can fight off
- Virus destroys and impairs function of immune cells
What is AIDS?
AIDS = most advanced stage of HIV infection
- Can take many years to develop if not treated
- Defined by the development of certain cancers, infections or other severe long-term clinical manifestations.
How many people died from HIV-related causes, how many were newly infected in 2020?
700.000 people died, 1.5 mil newly infected
HIV can/cannot be transmitted via kissing or sharing water
cannot
What are the symptoms of HIV?
First few weeks: no symptoms/influenza-like sickness (fever, headache, rash or sore throat)
As the immune system is weakened: swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, fever, diarrhoea and cough
Without treatment: severe illness, such as TB, severe bacterial infections, cancers
How is HIV diagnosed?
- rapid diagnostic tests that provide same-day results (self-tests)
- no single test can provide a full HIV diagnosis; confirmatory testing is required, conducted by a qualified and trained health or community worker at a community centre/clinic.
