CRC + quiz Flashcards
CRC is the … (1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th) most common cause of cancer
3rd
Incidence of CRC? (2018)
1.8 mil NEW cases
Prevalence of CRC is decreasing/rising
rising (due to diet)
Colon cancer is also known as an adenocarcinoma, which is…
…a type of cancer that develops from glandular tissues and cells
What are risk factors for CRC?
- Adenoma = benign tumor of glandular origin, often called polyps. Can develop into CRC
- 90% cases >50 years of age
- Family history
- IBD
- Smoking
- Being a man
- Diet high in red meat and low in fiber
- Alcohol
- Polyposis syndrome (hereditary condition that is associated with an increased risk of developing polyps in the digestive tract)
- History of colon cancer
What are the warning signs/symptoms of a right-sided colon tumor (20%)?
- Weight loss
- Anemia
- Palpable mass lower right side abdomen
- Often asymptomatic
What are the warning signs/symptoms of a descending colon tumor (75%)?
- Dark-red blood in stool
- Mucus in stool
- Increased bowel frequency
- Pain
- Bloating, flatulence
What are the warning signs/symptoms of a rectal tumor?
- Bright red blood in stools
- Tenesmus (cramping rectal pain: false feeling of having to poo)
- Incomplete defaecation feeling
How is CRC diagnosed?
- Colonoscopy
- Biopsy
- Blood tests (anemia)
- Blood in feces
- CT-scan, PET-scan (metastasis), MRI: staging the cancer (stage 0, stage 1: 90% survival, stage 2: 70%, stage 3: 30%, stage 4: 5%)
What can be included in the treatment of CRC?
- Surgical excision
- Hemicolectomy (removing part of the bowel)
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- FOB tests (faecal occult blood): mass screening
Why is blood often found in the stool of a CRC patient?
the formation of blood vessels to the tumor increases the chance of blood found in the stools
What four pathological types of CRC are there?
- polypoid
- ulcerative
- stenosing (blocking the passageway)
- infiltrative
What is an adenoma?
benign tumor of glandular origin, often called polyps. Can develop into CRC
Incidence of cancer worldwide is (de/in creasing)
Mortality from cancer is X the mortality from infectious diseases and nutritional deficiencies
- less than half
- more than half
- double
Main difference between invasive and non-invasive breast cancer =?
Invasive breast cancer has spread beyond the basement membrane, while non-invasive breast cancer has not.
If we would eat a healthy diet and get enough physical exercise, ? % of the most common types of cancer could be prevented
20-30%
An important screening tool for breast cancer that’s also a diagnostic tool is a …
mammogram
Most common form of CRC = ?
adenocarcinoma
Cancer incidence = expressed as…
new cases/year
Janine has been diagnosed with breast carcinoma in situ. Her physician recommended removing the tumor surgically. Why would her physician recommend surgical excision?
tumor is localized and has not spread
? are early warning signs for colorectal cancer
Polyps
After looking at the results of a patient’s blood test, their doctor suspected Colorectal cancer. How could the doctor confirm their suspicion?
colonoscopy
Stereotypically, breast cancer will more likely have which combination of the following signs and symptoms
hard, painless, fixed and immobile masses
Four most common types of cancer worldwide are: ?
lung, breast, colorectal, prostate
Main risk factor cancer =
overweight as a result of diet and inactivity
If the age-standardized incidence of a certain type of cancer is higher than the mortality rate, this means that this type of cancer is …
treatable
Screening for cancer will reduce …. from cancer
- prevalence
- incidence
- mortality
mortality
Besides tobacco use, high body mass index, alcohol consumption, low fruit and vegetable intake, and lack of physical activity, an important cause of cancer - especially in low- and middle income countries – is ..
infection
Treatment to relieve, rather than cure, symptoms and suffering caused by cancer and to improve the quality of life of patients and their families is called …
palliative care
To avoid excessive false positive cases, patient selection for screening programmes is based on
age + risk factors
Most common form of non-invasive breast cancer =
ductal carcinoma in situ
