CVD: pulmonary embolism + learning outcome

Question 1

What is a pulmonary embolism?

Answer 1

Complication arising from deep vein thrombosis: blood clot blocking pulmonary artery or its branches.
When to the lungs: embolus

Question 2

Symptoms Pulmonary embolism?

Answer 2

Symptoms:
dyspnea,
tachycardia (increase heart rate),
hypoxemia (low oxygen in blood),
hypotension/hypertension
pain in the area where the clot has lodged, damage to the lung,
cough, even death.

Threatening -> medical attention needed immediately

Question 3

What is the difference between a thrombus and embolus?

Answer 3

thrombus = blood clot
Embolus = dislodged thrombus (able to travel).

Question 4

Diagnosis pulmonary embolism?

Answer 4

dilated pulmonary vessels,
presence fluid,
elevated hemidiaphragm,
wedged opacity on CT

Question 5

Risk factors pulmonary embolism?

Answer 5

Risk factors:

• pregnancy
• age
• cardiopulmonary disease
• malignant disease
• immobile
• surgery
• fracture
• varicose veins

Question 6

How is a pulmonary embolism treated?

Answer 6

oxygen, pain killers, fluid, administration warfarin, thrombolytics in case of emergency

Question 7

What is the prevalence of hypertension?

Answer 7

more than 30% of the adult population worldwide, more than one billion people around the world.

Question 8

Why does blood pressure increase with ageing?

Answer 8

Bc the arteries stiffen

Question 9

the five types of lipoprotein particles?

Answer 9

In descending order of density:

High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL)
Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL)
Intermediate Density Lipoproteins (IDL)
Very Low-Density Lipoproteins (VLDL)
Chylomicrons.

Question 10

How are lipoproteins structured?

Answer 10

• consist of a central core of cholesterol esters + triacylglycerols that are nonpolar
• central core is surrounded by amphipathic molecules:
• apolipoproteins
• free cholesterol
• phospholipids

They are hydrophilic

Question 11

What is the role of HDL?

Answer 11

The role of HDL is to collect fat molecules such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides in the cells of the body and transport it to the liver to be broken down.

Question 12

What is the role of LDL?

Answer 12

LDL is important for the transport of fat molecules such as phospholipids, cholesterol, and triglycerides around the body

Question 13

What is the role of IDL?

Answer 13

transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol

Question 14

What is the role of VLDL?

Answer 14

transportation of triglyceride from the liver -> adipose tissue for storage.

Question 15

What is the role of chylomicrons?

Answer 15

transportation of triglycerides in the GI tract to other parts of the body (liver, skeletal tissue, adipose tissue)

Question 16

What is calculated with the Friedewald formula?

Answer 16

The Friedewald formula (FF) is an estimation of LDL-c level

LDL-c = LDL-cholesterol

Question 17

prevalence and description of Heterozygous familial hypercholesterolemia?

Answer 17

Heterozygous Familial Hypercholesterolemia (HeFH) is an inherited genetic disorder that causes dangerously high cholesterol levels.

Iets van 1:300

Question 18

What are the causes of secondary hyperlipidaemia + what is it

Answer 18

= an abnormal rise in blood lipids (fats), including cholesterol and triglycerides.

(primary = genetics)
(decondary = due to environmental causes)

Such as: diet, disorders of metabolism, diseases, and drugs

Question 19

normal (healthy) values for fasting total cholesterol?

Answer 19

less than 200 mg/dL

Question 20

normal (healthy) values for fasting total LDL?

Answer 20

Less than 130 mg/dL.
Above 130 is borderline high
Above 160 is high

Question 21

normal (healthy) values for fasting total HDL?

Answer 21

less than 40 mg/dL = lower than desired
Higher than 60 mg/dL = excellent

Question 22

What are normal triglycerides levels?

Answer 22

Less than 150 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL), or less than 1.7 millimoles per liter (mmol/L)

Question 23

Dietary components of a lipid-lowering diet?

Answer 23

increasing the intake of fruits, vegetables, nuts, legumes, fish, vegetable oils, yogurt, and minimally processed whole grains;

decreasing the intake of red and processed meats and foods rich in refined grains, added sugars, salt, or trans fat.

Question 24

How to test for lipid disorder?

Answer 24

Blood test called a lipid profile. T
-> fasted

measures levels of total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglycerides—as well as other markers of health.

Question 25

What is the difference between red and white thrombosis?

Answer 25

White thrombus is rich in fibrin (clotting protein) with few cellular elements.
Red thrombus consists of erythrocytes (red blood cells) and less fibrin infiltration.

Question 26

heparin and vitamin K antagonists work as….

Answer 26

anticoagulants

Question 27

What is an angiogram?

Answer 27

De arts schuift via een holle naald in de slagader een katheter in het bloedvat. Als de katheter op de juiste plaats is ingebracht, wordt een contrastvloeistof ingespoten. De contrastvloeistof zorgt ervoor dat de bloedvaten op de röntgenbeelden goed te zien zijn. Het onderzoek duurt ongeveer een uur.

Question 28

the working mechanism of statins and their effectiveness

Answer 28

• can help lower the level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol in the blood.
• statins reduced the risk of an MI by 25% and a stroke by 21% across all age groups. Even in the oldest group, statins lowered the risk of a severe event by up to 20% for every mmol/L reduction