Taxonomy, Movement, and Decision Making Flashcards
Lecture 17/18
Fine motor skills
-small muscles to perform small, precise movements
-require high accuracy demands
Gross motor skills
-use of large muscles to perform large, often whole body movements
Qualities of open motor skills
-variable and unpredictable
-require continuous evaluation of tasks and environmental demands
-hockey, football, tennis
Qualities of closed motor skills
-stable and predictable
-can prepare motor actions in advance
-running on a closed track, swimming in assigned lane
Discrete motor skills
-brief actions
-well defined beginning and end
-pitching, swinging a bat
Continuous motor skills
-repetitive and often cyclical
-no clear beginning or end
-can adjust speed of movement
-running, swimming
Serial motor skills
-composed of a group of discrete skills strung together
-pouring a glass of milk
perturbation
-change/disturbance in movement
On average, healthy young adults spend what % of time in the acceleration phase?
45-50%
On average, healthy young adults spend what % of time in the deceleration phase?
50-55%
What factors may increase movement times?
-aging
-damage to nervous system
Process: trajectory control
-considers movement planning and execution as two separate processes
Serial processing
-one activity must be completed before the next can begin
-nervous system explicitly computes, then reinforces hand trajectories when moving to a spatial goal
Describe the variables in the equation f(x) = ax+b for movement parameters
a = slope (rate of change in position, ie. speed)
b = y-int (initial starting position)
Is there variation in hand paths across movement amplitudes, directions, and speeds
No, assumed invariant
What are the three generic steps in a decision making process?
1) input
2) processing
3) output
Examples of environmental/external stimulus
-vision, audition, touch, proprioception
Steps within the “black box”
1) Perception: stimulus identification
2) Decision: response selection
3) Action: response programming
What factors influence the chosen motor response?
-goal of task
-nature of the environment
Def: reaction time
-difference in time btwn stimulus presentation and initiation of motor response
-measuring of processing speed
Def: movement time
-time elapsed from end of reaction time to completion of movement
def: response time
-time elapsed btwn stimulus presentation and end of movement (RT+MT)
simple reaction time
-known stimulus and motor response
-On you mark… set… GO!
Which stage uses the most time in simple RT?
-stimulus identification
-b/c motor response is known and prepared in advanced
choice reaction time
-time btwn one (of several possible) stimuli, and the beginning of one (of several potential) motor responses
ie. deer in your drive path (swerve, stop, nothing?)
Which stage uses the most time in a choice RT?
-time distributed relatively equally across all stages
Factors that affect the speed of motor decisions
-the # of response choices
-simple vs choice RT
-Hick’s Law
-Stimulus response capability
-anticipation
Hick’s Law
relation btwn # of choices and RT
What is the y-int of Hick’s Law
-expected RT when no choice is required
EX: of spatially compatible appliance
-stove top
-faster processing due to spatial mapping
Movement compatibility
-turn signals on car align with the rotation of the steering wheel
temporal anticipation
-visual/audible anticipation
-race lights
spatial anticipation
-time to figure out position
-“fly ball”
