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KNES 251 (Motor Control) > Descending Control, M1, Spine > Flashcards

Descending Control, M1, Spine Flashcards

Lectures 14/15/16

1
Q

Area M1

A

Primary motor cortex

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2
Q

Area S1

A

Somatosensory cortex

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3
Q

Is M1 rostral/caudal to the premotor cortex?

A

caudal (posterior)

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4
Q

Betz cells

A

-large layer 5 neurons that send AP down descending spinal tract

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5
Q

If you were to cut M1 in the frontal plane, describe the areas of processing from medial to lateral…

A

(Medial) lower extremity, trunk, upper extremity, face (lateral)

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6
Q

Which areas of the body have the most innervations in M1?

A

Face, hands = fine motor control, dexterity (less force)

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7
Q

A pulse is sent into a monkey for 50ms, then 500ms, what pattern was noticed?

A

The longer the stimulus, the more complex movements occurred

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8
Q

By viewing EMG readings what did we notice about the order of M1 activation and muscle contraction?

A

M1 is activated before movement

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9
Q

What happens when we move outside of a neurons optimal movement?

A

The neuron decreases firing (goes silent)

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10
Q

Explain the concept of optimal movement

A

Each neuron is tuned to a particular direction of movement

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11
Q

Population vector

A

average vector from individual M1 neurons

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12
Q

What does the population predict (proceed)?

A

The observed movement vector (M1 fires first!)

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13
Q

How is the M1 population vector being used in technology?

A

-spinal cord injury implants
-can respond w/ mechanical exoskeleton/robots

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14
Q

What info is relayed by the ventral posterior medial nucleus (VPM)?

A

Info about neck/face (think: medial as central as “headquarters)

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15
Q

What info is relayed by the ventral posterior lateral nucleus (VPL)?

A

Info from below neck, body (think: lateral like peripheral and limbs)

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16
Q

The motor homunculus of the somatosensory cortex (S1) is a…

A

somatotopic map of the body

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17
Q

What does it mean that S1 is plastic?

A

Subject to change depending on use (“use it or lose it”)

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18
Q

Do phantom limb sensations originate from M1 or S1

A

S1

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19
Q

When do patients experience phantom pain?

A

-when the S1 is in the process of remapping
-includes shrinking sensations

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20
Q

Descending tracts

A

-send motor commands
-include lateral corticospinal tract (LCT), and ventral corticospinal tract (VCT)

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21
Q

Ascending tracts

A

-send sensory info
-include dorsal column medial lemniscus tract (DCML), ventral spinothalamic tract (VST)

22
Q

Which nerves innervate the face?

A

cranial (not spinal)

23
Q

Which areas are innervated by the cervical spine region?

A

neck, arms

24
Q

Which areas are innervated by the thoracic spine?

A

back, chest, gut

25
Q

Which areas are innervated by the lumbar spine?

A

Butt, lower back, anterior legs

26
Q

Which areas are innervated by the sacral spine?

A

Reproductive organs, posterior legs

27
Q

What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord responsible for?

A

Transmitting sensory info (body to brain)

28
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side

29
Q

ispilateral

A

same side

30
Q

In general, the left side of the brain interprets the _______ side of the body

A

right

31
Q

decussate

A

switching sides (crossing the midline)

32
Q

Which tract do pain and temperature info travel along?

A

spinothalamic tract

33
Q

When does the ventral spinothalamic tract (VST) decussate?

A

-immediately at the level it enters

34
Q

When does the dorsal column medial lemniscus (DCML) decussate?

A

-at caudal medulla

35
Q

When does the lateral corticospinal (LCST) tract decussate?

A

-at the caudal medulla
-contralateral

36
Q

When does the ventral corticospinal (VCST) tract decussate?

A

-N/A
-bilaterally innervates (ipsilateral)

37
Q

What is the LCST for?

A

distal muscles

38
Q

What is the VCST for?

A

proximal muscles

39
Q

What is the VST for?

A

pain/temperature

40
Q

What is the DCML for?

A

mechanoreceptors

41
Q

Paraplegia

A

paralysis of lower body

42
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis of one side of the body

43
Q

Tetraplegia (quadriplegia)

A

paralysis of all four limbs

44
Q

Incomplete lesion: central cord syndrome

A

-tumor
-torsion injuries
-high fevers

45
Q

Incomplete lesion: anterior cord syndrome

A

-car accidents

46
Q

Incomplete lesion: Brown-Sequard syndrome (right/left)

A

-blunt force trauma (or tumor)
-stabbing
-shot
-ischemia (obstruction of blood vessel)
-infectious/inflammatory diseases

47
Q

Symptoms of Brown-Sequard syndrome

A

-contralateral: loss of pain, temp, light touch sense
-ipsilateral: loss of motor function, vibration, position, and deep touch

48
Q

Babinski’s sign

A

normal: toes curl
abnormal: toes up, and fan

49
Q

febrile

A

seizures due to high body temps

50
Q

hypesthesia

A

diminished sense of touch

51
Q

Diagnosing a spinal cord injury (SCI)

A

-light touch score (cutaneous receptors)
-pin prick score (pain/temp)
-strength testing

52
Q

Incomplete lesions have not lost total control, what does this mean for rehab?

A

Is possible for improvement of coordination and limb function

KNES 251 (Motor Control) (13 decks)

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