Structuring Practice and Feedback

Question 1

Factors that influence the quality and effectiveness of practice

Answer 1

-motivation (goal setting)
-instruction (demonstration and modelling)
-mental practice (how and when to use it)

Question 2

Outcome goals

Answer 2

-targets for performance that focus on the end result
-good for elite athletes
EX: win the stanley cup

Question 3

Advantages of outcome goals

Answer 3

-easy to measure (won or didn’t)
-provides a “vision”
-inspire

Question 4

Limitations of outcome goals

Answer 4

-easily affected by external factors
-no clear “path” to get there
-may not be realistic

Question 5

Performance goals

Answer 5

-focus on improving a specific aspect of performance
-good for individual or amateur learners
EX: improve pass completion (football) rate to 60%

Question 6

Advantages of performance goals

Answer 6

-not as effected by extrinsic factors
-narrow focus

Question 7

Limitations of performance goals

Answer 7

-may not directly alter outcome

Question 8

Process goals

Answer 8

-focus on quality of movement production (technique)
EX: proper squat technique

Question 9

Advantages of process goals

Answer 9

-directly link movement
-very targeted and specific
-good for early learning

Question 10

Put goals in order of effectiveness for;
a) elite athletes
b) amateur athletes
c) early learners

Answer 10

a) outcome goals
b) performance goals
c) process goals

Question 11

Limitations of process goals

Answer 11

-narrow perception

Question 12

mental practice

Answer 12

-practice of a motor skill (in your mind), in the absence of overt movement

Question 13

What is mental practice good for?

Answer 13

-visualizing how to perform a task well in the target environment

Question 14

Massed practice

Answer 14

-rest btwn sessions is brief
-discrete and serial tasks
-high cognitive demand
EX: training camp (football) twice a day

Question 15

Distributed practice

Answer 15

-rest btwn sessions is long
-continuous tasks
-low cognitive demand
EX: training for a marathon

Question 16

Longer periods of rest often lead to…

Answer 16

improved performance during practice

Question 17

Noticeable differences (short rest/long rest) are generally __________ at retention

Answer 17

reduced (longer breaks = better retention)

Question 18

Blocked practice

Answer 18

-all trials of a task are completed before moving onto a new one

Question 19

Random practice

Answer 19

-practice different skills in random order

Question 20

Which type of practice outperforms in practice?

Answer 20

Blocked (outperforms random)
-better in short term learning

Question 21

Which type of practice outperforms in retention?

Answer 21

Random (outperforms blocked)
-better for long term learning, despite lower performance in practice

Question 22

Can too much modelling be bad for learners?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Why is random practice better for retaining?

Answer 23

-requires the learner to be engaged b/c elements of practice change constantly
-increases strength of motor memories
-forget short-term solutions (have to generate “new” solution each time)

Question 24

Constant practice

Answer 24

-similar to blocked
-individuals practice one variation of a skill repeatedly before moving on to a new skill

Question 25

Variable practice

Answer 25

-similar to random
-different variations of same skill are practiced in random order

Question 26

Serial practice

Answer 26

-hybrid of constant and variable practice

Question 27

Which type of practice learns basic mapping btwn a parameter and resulting action

Answer 27

Variable

Question 28

What is constant practice good for?

Answer 28

-special skills
EX: shooting free throws

Question 29

Feedback

Answer 29

-info about movement patterns or outcomes
-the nervous system can use to guide future movements

Question 30

Augmented feedback

Answer 30

-info about movement outcome
-from external source
-augments intrinsic feedback

Question 31

How is feedback motivational?

Answer 31

-reinforces positive movement

Question 32

How does feedback produce dependence?

Answer 32

-reduces their ability to distinguish individual error

Question 33

Knowledge of results

Answer 33

-info about success (goal/not), or degree of success (judge score) of an action relative to goal

Question 34

Knowledge of performance

Answer 34

-info about movement patterns while performing task
-no just about outcome, but how it is completed
EX. swing attack (golf) is too steep

Question 35

What frequency of feedback is best?

Answer 35

-tapered

Question 36

Tapered feedback

Answer 36

-frequent feedback during early learning
-progressively withdraw as learner becomes skilled

Question 37

Which will perform better 100% feedback or 50%

Answer 37

50% shows better retention

Question 38

Danger of instantaneous feedback

Answer 38

Can make the learner dependent

Question 39

Instantaneous feedback

Answer 39

-immediately after movement
-informs about trial that was just completed

Question 40

Delayed feedback

Answer 40

-short period of time after movement

Question 41

Which type of feedback is better for retention?

Answer 41

-delayed feedback

Question 42

Which learner will learn and retain best?
a) ask for help when needed (learner-determined)
b) coach knows best (experimenter determined)
c) helicopter parents (control)

Answer 42

Best- learner determined
Mid- experimenter determined
Worst- control

Question 43

Which timing is most effective for the transfer or learning?
a) real time feedback and haptic guidance
b) real time guidance on monitor
c) feedback after trial is completed

Answer 43

c) feedback on monitor after trial is completed (even though worst performance in practice)

Question 44

Summary feedback

Answer 44

-feedback provided after a series of trials
-informs about each attempt in series
-prevent dependence

Question 45

Average feedback

Answer 45

-after a series of trials
-informs of average performance
-better understand the types of error occurring