Taxonomy Flashcards
Classification
arranging organisms based on SIMILARITIES
Nomenclature
NAMING of organisms
Identification
DETERMINATION of organisms
Aristotle’s system
- plants or animals
- bloodless or red-blooded
- morphology (structure and size)
- habitat
Limitations of Artistotle’s system?
- viewed species as distinct, separate, and unchanging
- doesn’t account for evolutionary relationship of organisms, doesn’t show their true relationship
Linnaeus’s system
- classifies based on morphology and behavior
Binomial nomenclature
Linnaeus’ method of NAMING organisms
Parts of scientific name of species?
Genus name and specific epithet; uses Latin
Genus is ______
specific epithet is ______
capitalized (first letter only)
lowercase
How to write scientific name?
Italicize or underline; Genus can be abbreviated
Modern system of classification
scientists (Charles Darwin, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Ernst Haeckl) began classifying based on phylogeny
Systematics
study of diversity and evolutionary history relationships among organisms
Phylogeny
evolutionary history and relationship between species
Cladistics
method for hypothesizing the relationships and history between species, according to order they diverged from a common ancestor
Cladogram
branching diagram; represents proposed phylogeny/evolutionary history of species of group; proposed hypothesis based on ANCESTRAL and DERIVED traits
What are the groups in cladograms called?
clades
What is the mnemonic for taxons?
Dear King Phillip Came Over For Great Soup
(Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species)
Genus
group of species
Species
organisms CAPABLE OF REPRODUCTION, and producing FERTILE OFFSPRING
How are organisms grouped into domains and kingdoms? Based on what THREE FACTORS?
1) Cell type and structure (Prokaryote, eukaryote)
2) Number of cells (Unicellular, multicellular)
3) Mode of nutrition (autotroph, heterotroph, etc.)
What were the first TWO KINGDOMS proven?
KINGDOMS: Animalia, Vegetabilia
YEAR: 1735
PERSON: Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus
Who proved THREE KINGDOMS?
KINGDOMS: Plantae, Animalia, Protista
YEAR: 1866
PERSON: Ernst Haeckl
Who proved FOUR KINGDOMS?
KINGDOMS: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera
YEAR: 1956
PERSON: Herbert Copeland
Who proved FIVE KINGDOMS?
KINGDOMS: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Monera, Fungi
YEAR: 1969
PERSON: Robert Whittaker
Who proved SIX KINGDOMS?
KINGDOMS: Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi, Eubacteria, Archaebacteria
YEAR: 1977
PERSON: Carl Woese
Who proved THREE DOMAINS?
DOMAINS: Eubacteria, Archaea, Eukarya
YEAR: 1990
PERSON: Carl Woese
What are the characteristics of K. Animalia?
- eukaryotes
- multicellular
- heterotrophs (ingestion)
What are the characteristics of K. Plantae?
- eukaryotes (CHLOROPLAST, CELLULOSE)
- multicellular
- photoautotrophs (photosynthesis)
What are the characreristics of K. Mycota?
- eukaryotes (CHITIN)
- multicellular/unicellular (yeast)
- heterotrophic (absorption)
What are the characreristics of K. Protista?
“CANNOT FIT WITH OTHER KINGDOMS (mish-mash of everything)”
- eukaryotes; chloroplast and cellulose
- unicellular, colonial (behaves like multicellular, but is actually unicellular), multicellular
- photoautotrophs, heterotrophic
What are the characteristics of K. Eubacteria?
- TRUE BACTERIA
- prokaryotes (peptidoglycan)
- autotrophs/heterotrophs
What are the characteristics of K. Archaebacteria?
- EXTREME BACTERIA (extremophiles)
- prokaryotes NO PEPTIDOGLYCAN
- autotrophs/heterotrophs
What are the differences between Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
Archaebacteria has NO peptidoglycan, while Eubacteria does.
