Taxonomy Flashcards
Who was Linnaeus?
botanist
What did Aristotle do?
Devised “two kingdom” system that lasted 2,000 years.
What language did Linnaeus choose?
Latin
What naming system did Linnaeus come up with?
Binomial nomenclature
What are the categories in order from greatest to least?
Domain Kingdom Phylum (Division) Class Order Family Genus Species
What is the plantae kingdom?
multicellular, eukaryotic, stationary autotrophs
What is kingdom Animalia?
multicellular, eukaryotic, mobile, heterotrophs
What is fungi?
stationary heterotrophs (absorb nutrients) eukaryotes
What is Protista often referred to as?
The Dumping Kingdom because if an organism doesn’t fit into any other classification it is “dumped” here
What is Archaebacteria?
unicellular prokaryotes (no nucleus)
What is Eubacteria?
unicellular prokaryotes
What kingdom is bacteria in?
Monera
How are groups traditionally classified?
cell structure
What is becoming increasingly more important regarding classification
DNA
How are living things organized for study?
Biologists use a classification system to name organisms with a unioverally accepted name and they also group organisms in a logical manner-organisms placed into a particular group are more similar to one another than they are to organisms in other groups
Describe the system for naming that Linnaeus developed
Each species is assigned a two part scientific name (binomial nomenclature) Genus species
What are the 7 categories of Linnaeus’s classification system?
Speies, genus, family, order, class, phylum, and kingdom
HOw is imformation about evolutionary relationships useful in classification?
Organisms are grouped according to evolutionary descent, not just physica appearances
How are genes used to help scientists classify organisms?
Scientists compare the DNA of different organisms to establish similaritiees between them and reconstruct possible evolutionary elationships
WHat is the principle behind cladistic analysis?
Cladistic analysis traces the process of evolution in a group of organisms by forcing on unique features that appear in some organisms but not others
How have new discoveries in molecular biology affected the way in which we classify organisms compared with the system used by Linnaeus?
New ways of classifying organisms reflect evolutionary relationshis based on genetic similarities, whereas Linnaeus’s system of classifying was based on physical similarities between organisms.
What are the 6 kingdomss f life as they are now identified?
Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
What are the 3 domains of life?
Archaea Bacteria and Eukarya
WHy was the Kingdom Monera divided into 2 separate Kingdoms?
Scientists have come to recognize big differences between groups of Monerans. One ex: Eubacteria: cell walls with peptidoglycan. Archaebacteria: cell walls without peptidoglycan
Why is Protista considered the odds and ends Kingdom?
Members of Protista display the greatest variety sharing characteristics with plants, fungi, or animals; protists cannot be classified in any other group
Which kingdoms include only prokaryotes?
Archaebacteria and Eubacteria
Which kingdoms include only Eukaryotes?
Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
What characteristics differentiate Fungi and PLantae
Plants are autotrophic and have cell walls of cellulose, Fungi are heterotrophs and have cell walls of chitin
In which domain are organisms from the most extreme environments?
Archaea
What do scientists conclude about the presence of myosin in both humans and yeast
they share a common ancestry
What is the purpose of a dichotomous key?
A dichotomous key is a tool of paired statements that describe physical characteristics of different organisms to identify unknown organisms
Taxonomy
scientists classify organisms and assign each a universally accepted name
binomial nomenclature
2 word naming system,-developed by Carolus Linnaeus. Genus first- capitalized, species 2nd, lower case
Genus
a group of closely related species
Taxon
a level of organization in Taxonomy
Family
group of related genera
Order
broad taxonomic category composed of similar families
Class
composed of similar orders
Phylum
made up of several different classes
Kingdom
largest and most inclusive of Linnaeus’s categories
Evolutionary classification
grouping organisms based on their evolutionary history
Derived characters
characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members
Cladogram
a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms, using derived characters
Molecular clock
model that uses DNA comparisons to estimate the length of time that 2 species have been evolving independently based on the comparison of the accumulation of neutral mutations
DOmain
more inclusive taxon or category than kingdom
Bacteria
corresponds to the Kingdom Eubacteria
Archae
corresponds to the Kingdom archaebacteria
Eukarya
which is composed of Protists, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
Eubacteria
prokaryotic, ecologically diverse, cell walls contain peptidoglycan, some need oxygen, some do not, unicellular
Archaebacteria
prokaryotic cell walls lack peptidoglycan live in extreme environments, unicellular
Protista
eukaryoti, mostly unicellular, great variety, any eukaryotic orgnism that is not in fungi, plantae, or animalia
Fungi
eukaryotic, heterotrophs only, most multicellular, cell walls of chitin, nonmotile
Plantae
eukaryotic, autotrophs, multicellular, nonmotile
Animalia
eukayotic, multicellular, heterotrophs, no cell walls
Linnaeus
Swedish botanist, binomial nomenclature, 7 levels of taxonomy
Aristotle
first scientist to classify- 2 kingdoms based on habitat or size
