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Sophmore Year > DNA, RNA, and Proteins > Flashcards

DNA, RNA, and Proteins Flashcards

0
Q

What did this experiment show?

A

Genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria to another
(Transformation)

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1
Q

What experiments lead to our understanding of DNA? What happened in Frederik Griffith’s experiment with pneumonia and mice?

A

Smooth coated pneumonia bacteria kills mice
Rough coated pneumonia bacteria- mice live
Heat killed smooth pneumonia bacteria- mice live
heat killed smooth plus harmless rough bacteria together mice die

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2
Q

What happened in Oswald Avery’s experiment?

A

Same as Griffith except he added enzymes to destroy different molecules
If RNA, PROTEINS, CARBS, LIPIDS are destroyed transformation still happens.
If DNA is destroyed- no transformation

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3
Q

What did this experiment show?

A

DNA is the genetic material

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4
Q

What happened in Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s blender experiment?

A

Radioactively labeled proteins and Dna in bacteriophages (viruses that infect bacteria) and loked to see what passed into the cell

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5
Q

What role did Rosalind Franklin and James Watson and Francis Crick play in our understanding of DNA’s structure?

A

Her X-ray images were used by Watson and Crick to figure out the double helix structure

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6
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

Virus that infects bacteria

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7
Q

What is transformation?

A

change in a bacteria caused by picking up foreign DNA

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8
Q

What molecule is involved in transformation?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What are the building blocks of DNA?

A

nucleotides

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10
Q

What are the building blocks of proteins?

A

amino acids

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11
Q

What is a purine?

A

Nitrogen base composed of 2 rings

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12
Q

What is a pyrimidine?

A

nitrogen base composed of 1 ring

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13
Q

What is the structure of a DNA molecule?

A

double helix- twisted ladder

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14
Q

What forms the backbone of the DNA molecule?

A

Sugars and phosphates

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15
Q

What forms the “steps of the ladder”

A

nitrogen bases (A, T, C, G)

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16
Q

What does it mean when we say a DNA strand is “anti-parallel”

A

the two strands in the DNA mollecule run in opposite directions

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17
Q

What does it mean when we say a DNA strand is “anti-parallel”

A

the two strands in the DNA molecule run in opposite directions

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18
Q

HOw does DNA fold into a chromosome?

A

DNa wraps around histone proteins to form nucleosomes

nucleosomes coil further to make chromosomes

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19
Q

What is a nucleosome?

A

Beadlike structure formed when DNa wraps around histones

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20
Q

What are histones?

A

proteins DNA wraps around to make a nucleosome

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21
Q

What is the difference between chromatin and chromosomes?

A

CHromatin- in non-dividing cells

Chromosomes- in dividing cells

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22
Q

What is replication?

A

making a DNA copy (DNA DNA)

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23
Q

Transcription

A

Copying an RNA message from DNA (DNA RNA)

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24
Q

Translation

A

making a protein from an RNA message (RNA proteins)

25
Q

What is the Central Dogma of molecular biology that shows how information is passed in cells?

A

DNA RNA PROTEINS

26
Q

How is DNA copied?

A

DNA strand separates and uses old strand as a template to make a new strand; DNA polymerase adds in nucleotides and spell checks as it goes

27
Q

What enzye plays a role in this process?

A

DNA poLYMERAse

28
Q

What are the 3 kinds of RNA?

A

messenger, transfer, ribosomal

29
Q

Messenger

A

carries the message from nucleus to cytoplasm

30
Q

Ribosomal

A

joins with proteins to make ribosomes

31
Q

Transfer

A

has anticodon to math m-RNA codon and brings in amino acid to form protein chain

32
Q

What enzyme is involved in transcription?

A

RNA polymerase attaches to start ttranscription

33
Q

What is a promoter?

A

Region where DNA polymerase attaches to start transcription

34
Q

What are introns?

A

pieces of the message that are cut out

35
Q

What are exons?

A

Pieces of the message that are expressed in the final message

36
Q

What is noncoding or “junk” DNA?

A

Sequences of DNA that do not code for proteins

37
Q

What is a transposon?

A

DNA sequence that can move and change position to another chromosomes

38
Q

What is a codon?

A

Group of 3 nitrogen bases on a m-RNA that are read together

39
Q

What is an anticodon

A

group of 3 nitrogwen bases on a t-RNA that match the m-RNA codon

40
Q

What happens in translation?

A

protein syntesis= making proteins from RNA message

41
Q

How are genes regulated in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryores have opereons

Eukaryotes- morew complex; TATA boxes; enhancers; non operons

42
Q

What is an operon?

A

Group of genes that work together in a pathway that are controlled by same operator

43
Q

What is an operator?

A

Region where repressor attaches to turn off the genes

44
Q

What is a repressor?

A

MOlecule that can attach to the operator site to turn off genes
if repressor is not attached gene is turned on

45
Q

How is the lac operon in E. Coli turned on and off?

A

When lactose is NOT present, repressor attaches to operator to turn genes off

46
Q

What is a TATA box?

A

Region in front of eukaryotic gee that helps position RNA polymerase to bein transcription

47
Q

What is an enhancer region?

A

Regions in front of eukaryotic genes where regulatory proteins can bind to speed up gene transcription

48
Q

What are hox genes?

A

Genes that control the growth, development, and location of body parts in developing embryos

49
Q

What role do they play in differentiation and growth and development of embryos?

A

When embryonic cells are differentiating, hox genes help tell where and when body organs should grow

50
Q

WHat is a mutation?

A

Change in DNA code

51
Q

How are gene mutations different from chromosomal mutations?

A

gene mutations- change code in just one gene

Chromosomal mutations- change structure of sequence in whole chromosome

52
Q

How are point mutations different from frameshift mutations?

A

Point mutations- change in one nucleotide 9Can be a deletion, insertion, substitution)
Frameshift mutations- change in code that causes a change in the reading frame in a gene

53
Q

Why are frameshift mutations at the beginning of a gene more damaging than at the end?

A

Everything after the mutation is changed so change t beginning causes more damage

54
Q

deletion

A

loss base from DNA code

55
Q

duplication

A

addition of extra copies of a section in DNA code

56
Q

insertion

A

addition of bases into DNA code

57
Q

translocation

A

movement of piece of DNA to a non-homologous chromosome

58
Q

inversion

A

chromosome rearrangement in which a segment of a chromosome breaks and reattaches in reversed order

59
Q

WHat is polyploidy?

A

cell with 3 or more sets of chromosomes

60
Q

What kind of organisms can it be seen in?

A

polyploidy is seen in plants/rrare in animals

Sophmore Year (65 decks)

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