Biology Final Flashcards
What are important characteristics of life?
cells, DNA, growth and development, response, homeostasis
What is the study of life?
biology
What is homeostasis?
internal stability despite external disruption
What is the main function of ribosomes?
manufacture proteins
What chemical compound holds the genetic code?
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
What are the building blocks of DNA?
nucleotides
What are the bases made of?
nitrogen
What are watson, crick, and franklin credited with?
discovery of the structure of double helix
The sides of the DNA ladder are composed of
phosphate group and deoxyribose
What 3 parts compose a nucleotide?
phosphate group, deoxyribose, nitrogen base
How do the bases pair in DNA?
adenine with thymine
cytosine with guanine
How do the bases pair when messenger RNa is created in transcription?
adenine with uracil
cytosine with Guanine
DNA to mRNA, to tRNA, to amino acids to proteins is the sequence of ________ synthesis
protein
A sequence of nucleotides coding for the production of a protein is called a
Gene
What are 3 differences between DNA and RNA?
DNA- Deoxyribose, thymine, Double Helix
RNA- Ribose, Uracil, Single Helix
DNA composes these structures in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells that are responsible for the transmission of hereditary information
chromosomes
This project is determining the nucleotide sequence of each human gene
Human genome project
Why is DNA fingerprinting useful in criminal investigations?
no 2 individuals have same DNA fingerprint
What is genetics?
the scientific study of heredity
Who was Gregor Mendel?
monk, studied pea plants “father of genetics”
Explain the difference between dominant and recessive
if both alleles present, dominant shows up
Explain the difference between homozygous and heterozygous
alleles are identical in homozygous
alleles are different in heterozygous
Monohybrid crosses differ from dihybrid crosses how?
monohybrid follows one trait, dihybrid follows two
Sex-linked traits are usually found on what chromosome?
X chromosome
How are some ways that the risks of the inheritance of a genetic disorder are determined?
Amniocentesis
Karyotyping
Pedigrees
What are some examples of the use of gene technology?
DNA fingerprinting, cloning
recombinant DNA
transgenic organism
What is a karyotype?
a picture of chromosomes
What is the difference between phenotype and genotype?
phenotype is physical characteristics
genotype genetic
What does a pedigree show?
follows a trait through several generations
Similar bone structures can demonstrate
common ancestry
What are homologous structures?
Structures same in origin but do not have same function
If organisms are closely related their DNA would show many
similArities
Humans and chimps may have a common ancestor in very recent geologic history cause their ______ sequences are similar?
DNA
How are phylogenetic trees created?
Based on evolutionary relationships
How do hominids differ from other primates
upright walking, opposable thumb, increase in brain size
What are the parts to the theory of natural selection?
Natural variation exists overproduction/overpopulation competition individuals best suited to the environment reproduce/survive Over time, populations evolve
According to Darwin, nature selects the organisms that are best
adapted
Use and disuse was a theory developed by
Lamarck
An internal network of tubes for transport is represented by
Tracheophytes
Fern reproduce with
spores
What does the cuticle do for a plant?
conserve water
What is transpiration?
release of water from plant
What are the functions of stomata and guard cells?
gas exchange
close and open stomates
What parts of a plant are analogous to the veins and arteries of humans?
Xylem Phloem
What are the males parts of a flower?
Stamen
Anther
Filament
What are the female parts of a flower?
carpel- stigma, style, ovary
The part of the flower that becomes the fruit is the
ovary
this is where pollination occurs
stigma
this is where fertilization takes place
ovary
this is where pollen is produced
anther
Examples of Bryophytes
mosses, liverworts
Flowering plants are
angiosperms
The evolution of modern plants from ______ represent a change in the need for water
algae
