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Histo > taste/sensation > Flashcards

taste/sensation Flashcards

1
Q

non-painful touch to the oral mucosa conveyed by:

A

Ab (and Ad) fibers

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2
Q

warming to the oral mucosa by:

A

C fibers

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3
Q

cooling to the oral mucosa by:

A

A delta fibers

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4
Q

pain to the oral mucosa conveyed by:

A

A delta and C fibers

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5
Q

3 cranial nerves that convey taste

A

CN VII, IX, and X

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6
Q

____ conveys general sensation to the anterior mouth

A

CN V

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7
Q

____ conveys general sensation to the posterior tongue and pharynx

A

XN IX

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8
Q

during eating, volatile molecules from food stimulate the olfactory epithelium through 2 routes:

A

orthonasal and retronasal

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9
Q

____ signals are particularly important in contributing to food flavor

A

retronasal

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10
Q

taste and olfactory signals enter brain over separate cranial nerves and interact extensively in the CNS, especially in the _____

A

primary gustatory cortex (insula)

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11
Q

5 classes of taste receptors/stimuli

A 
sugars (sweet)
amino acids (umami)
salty
acids (sour)
varied (alkaloid, purine base, glycosides): bitter
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12
Q

sensation of ____ is not dependent on taste system, but usually part of the pain system, dependent on ___ receptors

A

spiciness; TRP

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13
Q

location of taste buds

A

68% on tongue
27% on pharynx and larynx
5% on soft palate

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14
Q

papillae on the dorsal, anterior tongue; assoc with branchial arch 1

A

fungiform papillae

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15
Q

fungiform papillae are innervated by ____, assoc with BA2

A

chorda tympani branch of CN VII

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16
Q

fungiform papillae are located among the more numerous ____ papillae, which don’t contain taste buds

A

filiform

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17
Q

taste buds are located on the ____ surface of the fungiform papillae

A

dorsal

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18
Q

filiform papillae are ____ shaped and heavily ____; innervated only by _____ fibers

A

spine; keratinized; somatosensory

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19
Q

fungiform papillae are strategically located to monitor:

A

food entering the mouth

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20
Q

foliate papillae are innervated by _____, associated with BA3

A

CN IX

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21
Q

foliate papillae are strategically located to monitor:

A

food during chewing

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22
Q

foliate taste buds are located in _____ and are closely associated with ____

A

trenches (not on surface); salivary glands (von Ebner)

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23
Q

circumvallate papillae have a central ____ core surrounded by a ____

A

connective tissue; trench

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24
Q

circumvallate papillae are strategically located to monitor:

A

food just before swallowing

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25
Q

circumvallate taste buds are located in ____ and are innervated by ____

A

trench (not dorsal surface); CN IX

26
Q

taste buds are generally functionally ____ in their ability to sense different tastes; an exception is the taste buds on the ____ which mainly respond to deviations from _____, indicating that they signal to protect the airway

A

redundant; larynx; isotonicity

27
Q

the functional redundancy of the taste system makes it ____ in the face of partial taste loss

A

resilient

28
Q

chorda tympani anesthesia (unilateral or bilateral) produces minimal effects on _____ perception

A

“whole-mouth”

29
Q

perceptual effects of damage or anesthesia of a single taste nerve can be clearly detected with ____ testing

A

specific spatial

30
Q

bitter receptors are ____ receptors called ____

A

G protein coupled; tas2r

31
Q

there are marked individual differences in the ability to taste ____ phenylthiocarbamide (PTC)

A

bitter

32
Q

substitutions of ____ amino acids largely responsible for sensitivity differences in PTC (bitter)

A

2/333

AAs 49 and 262

33
Q

certain vegetables (like mustard greens, turnips, and broccoli) taste significantly ____ to people who are ____ for the PTC-sensitive form of tas2r38

A

more bitter; homozygous

34
Q

the vegetables showing the difference all contain a class of compounds called _____, which have a ____ moity

A

glucosinolates; thiourea

35
Q

____ may affect the intake of cruciferous vegetables

A

tas2r38 genotype

36
Q

differences in the ____ determine the number of copies of the sweet receptor that are transcribed; explains about 16% of the individual variation in how _____ sweet substances taste

A

promotor region; intense

37
Q

type I or dark taste bud cells stain for ____ markers, suggesting a ____ role; this is consistent with a lack of ____ and ____

A

glial; supportive; microvilli; synapses

38
Q

taste responsiveness is ____ in type I cells; they may respond to certain tastes like ____

A

unclear; salts

39
Q

light cells have microvilli that reach the ____ and they express receptors for _____ and respond to taste stimuli

A

taste pore; taste substances

40
Q

respond to sour stimuli and synapse with primary afferent nerve

A

type III light cells

41
Q

type II light cells respond to _____ stimuli and do not synapse with primary afferent nerve

A

bitter, sweet, amino acid

42
Q

type II (and type III) cells use ____ to communicate with the primary afferent taste nerves

A

ATP

43
Q

ATP is released from type II cells without the aid of a typical synapse using a special _____ called ____

A

voltage-gated ion channel; CALHM1

44
Q

taste buds are ____ _____ cells and are continually replaced

A

modified epithelial

45
Q

____ is released from taste bud precursor cells and acts on surrounding cells to maintain taste buds

A

sonic hedgehog (Shh)

46
Q

antagonist for sonic hedgehog signaling (oral drug for basal cell carcinoma)

A

vismodegib

47
Q

____ and ____ are altered after hedgehog pathway inhibitor treatment

A

fungiform papillae; taste buds

48
Q

the taste bud first develops as a specialization of epithelium called a _____

A

placode

49
Q

development of the taste bud requires ____ signaling and final differentiation of the taste bud requires _____

A

cell-to-cell; neural innervation

50
Q

mucosa on the body of the tongue derived from ____

A

branchial arch 1

51
Q

mucosa on the root of the tongue derived from _____

A

branchial arch 3

52
Q

taste buds are goblet-shaped clusters of ____ cells; some cells have ____- location of taste receptors

A

40-60 ; microvilli

53
Q

the number of ____ varies greatly between individuals

A

taste papillae

54
Q

there are likely to be ____ of having fewer taste papillae, but this has not been adequately studied

A

functional consequences

55
Q

other types of individual variability in the biology of the taste system are more easily related to differences in _____

A

taste perception (the ability to taste specific classes of molecules or qualities)

56
Q

PTC is a ____ compound, but certain plant compounds (in vegetables) appear to be ____ for the tas2r38 receptor (bitter receptor of PTC)

A

synthetic; natural ligands

57
Q

variations in some certain tas2r receptors give rise to individual differences in sensitivity to the “off” (bitter) tastes of specific _____

A

artificial sweeteners (like saccharin and acesulfam K)

58
Q

differences in how people taste sugar affect the _____

A

most preferred sugar concentration

59
Q

the sense of taste affects ___ and ____ we eat and thus has great potential to affect both ___ and ____

A

what; how much; general ; oral health

60
Q

immunohistochemical staining reveals that type I taste bud cells express several _____

A

specific proteins

61
Q

new taste bud cells differentiate from ____ (and perhaps ____) just outside the taste bud; give rise to a post-mitotic taste bud precursor cell that expresses _____

A

mitotic basal cells; perigemmal cells; sonic hedgehog (Shh)

62
Q

_____ are hypothesized to give rise to all 3 types of cells in the taste bud: I, II, and III

A

Shh taste bud precursors

Histo (14 decks)

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