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Histo > pulp > Flashcards

pulp Flashcards

1
Q

embryonic origin of pulp

A

ectoderm > neural crest ectomesenchyme > dental papilla

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2
Q

constituents of the pulp

A
  • cells and cellular elements
  • blood and lymphatic vessels
  • extracellular matrix
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3
Q

functions of pulp in the mature tooth

A
  • hydrates dentin
  • protective: sensory, barrier
  • defensive: immune
  • reparative: formation of new dentin and pulp
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4
Q

developmental precursors of the pulp have an ____ role; odontogenic ectomesenchymal cells secrete a number of signaling or growth factors that act on the epithelial cells of the ____to trigger the transition to the ____ stage

A

inductive; bud; cap

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5
Q

odontoblasts secrete ____ of dentin and participate in _____

A

organic matrix; mineralization

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6
Q

binds to collagen in forming dentin matrix; attracts Ca2+ ions to initiate mineralization

A

dentin phosphoprotein (DPP)

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7
Q

DPP is highly ____ and high in ____

A

phosphorylated; serine/aspartic acid

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8
Q

DPP is ___ and ____ charged

A

acidic; negatively (anionic)

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9
Q

dentinogenesis (crown) begins during the ____ stage

A

bell

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10
Q

3 things that are present just prior to dentinogenesis

A
  • all 4 layers of the enamel organ
  • an enamel knot
  • the outline of the crown
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11
Q

just prior to dentinogenesis, there are no ____ or ____

A

odontoblasts (in the papilla); ameloblasts (in the enamel organ)

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12
Q

____ and _____ are present at the future DEJ, prior to dentinogenesis

A

inner enamel epithelial cells (in the enamel organ); undifferentiated mesenchymal cells (in the dental papilla)

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13
Q

dentinogenesis occurs from ____ to ____ and from ___ to ____

A

from cusp tips to cervix

AND from periphery to pulp center

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14
Q

inductive signal for odontoblast differentiation is secreted molecules from ____- most likely the ____ (epithelial-mesenchymal interaction)

A

enamel organ; enamel knot

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15
Q

2 prominent/best documented signaling/growth factors for odontogenesis

A

BMPs (bone morphogenetic protein)

Wnts

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16
Q

____ expression immediately precedes the “wave” of odontoblast differentiation

A

Wnt10a

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17
Q

Wnt10a is 1st expressed in ____, then ____ at the cusp tip, then more cervical parts of the tooth

A 
enamel knot(s)
pre-odontoblasts
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18
Q

modifying the wnt receptor complex to amplify effects of wnt binding increases production of ____ and ____ in animal models

A

reparative dentin; dentin proteins

wnt signaling important in adult pulp- pulp cells release wnt after injury in adults

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19
Q

pulp in the crown is the ____ or ____

A

pulp chamber; coronal pulp

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20
Q

coronal pulp includes extensions into each cusp called ____

A

pulp horns

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21
Q

pulp in the roots constitutes the ____ or ____ which is continuous with the periodontium at the ____

A

root canal; radicular pulp; apical foramen

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22
Q

spherical calcified masses, most common in the pulp chamber

A

pulp stones (denticles)

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23
Q

irregular areas of calcification, usually surrounding blood vessels or collagen fiber bundles, often in the root

A

diffuse calcifications

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24
Q

located central to the odontogenic zone and contains fibroblasts and trunks of larger branches of both nerves and blood vessels

A

pulp core

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25
Q

cells confined to the pulp that secrete extracellular matrix (ECM)

A

fibroblasts

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26
Q

have a role in cell adhesion to ECM

A

glycoproteins (e.g. fibronectin)

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27
Q

function as a matrix for diffusion, collagen fibrillogenesis, and water retention

A

proteoglycans (PGs) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

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28
Q

Collagen I and III are both ____ collagens that function in _____

A

fibrillar; tensile strength

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29
Q

mature pulp does not contain ____

A

DSPP

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30
Q

stem cells have a high capacity for ____ and they can generate multiple cell types, which means they are called ____

A

self-renewal (they can replicate themselves); plastic

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31
Q

dental pulp stem cells can be induced to form a number of cell types, not only odontoblasts, but also ____ and ____ in vitro

A

adipocyte and glial-like cells

32
Q

named for its function in transforming leukocyte precursors into granulocytes (neutrophils)

A

G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor)

33
Q

DPSCs are ____, providing raw material for new pulp tissues

A

multipotent

34
Q

DPSCs are ____ and secrete trophic factors promoting _____ and ____

A

anti-inflammatory; angiogenesis; neurogenesis

35
Q

cells unique to the pulp; 2nd most numerous cell type in the pulp

A

odontoblasts

36
Q

functions of odontoblasts

A
  • dentinogenesis
  • nutrients to dentin
  • immune
37
Q

“sticky” junctions between odontoblasts; maintain position and polarity

A 
desmosomes (contain intermediate filaments)
adherens junctions (contain actin filaments)
38
Q

channels between odontoblasts that coordinate dentinogenesis

A

gap junctions (contain connexins)

39
Q

apical “weld” membranes

A

tight junctions

40
Q

depending on the exact form of the proteins and their extent, tight junctions can form an _____

A

inter-cellular barrier

41
Q

some smaller MW substances can pass between adjacent odontoblasts, but tight junctions inhibit passage of ____ and probably ____

A

larger molecules; bacteria

42
Q

the presence of ____ and ____ distinguish pulp from other tooth tissues

A

blood; lymphatic vessels

43
Q

the autonomic component of pulpal blood flow control is mainly ____, via ____ and _____ receptors

A

sympathetic; norepinephrine; alpha adrenergic

44
Q

the sympathetic nervous system causes vasculature in the dental pulp to ____

A

constrict

45
Q

types of nerve fibers that innervate the dentin and pulp

A

A delta- sensory pain fibers
C- some are sensory pain fibers, others are sympathetic
B beta- sensory pain fibers

46
Q

innervation begins at the ____ stage

A

bell

47
Q

how far do nerve fibers extend into dentin?

A

nerve processes do reach the dentin, but extend just to the inner third

48
Q

dentinal tubules are most highly innervated in the ____; nerve fibers also terminate throughout and profusely innervate the ____

A

crown; pulp-dentin border zone

49
Q

all dentinal stimuli that cause pain cause ____ in dentinal tubules: this is the _____ theory

A

fluid movement; hydrodynamic

50
Q

fluid movement in dentinal tubules causes deformation of _____ sensitive nerve endings close to and in the dentin

A

mechanically

51
Q

_____ are embedded in the membranes of nerve fiber _____ of alpha delta and alpha beta fibers in the ____ region

A

mechanically-activated ion channels (“mechanoreceptors”)
endings
pulp/dentin border

52
Q

3 things that happen when the nerve fiber endings are deformed

A
  1. ion channels open
  2. Na+ sodium flows into the nerve endings
  3. nerve endings are depolarized and give rise to action potentials
53
Q

tooth pain also arises directly from stimuli in the ____

A

pulp

54
Q

other pulp nerve fiber endings, especially ____, have receptors for ____ and ____ stimuli; these receptors are members of the ____ receptor family

A

C fibers; inflammatory; thermal; TRP receptor family

55
Q

TRP receptors are a family of _____ receptors for thermal and inflammatory pain in many regions of the body

A

transmembrane

56
Q

_____ receptor is activated by many inflammatory mediators such as ____ and ____

A

TRPA1; reactive oxygen species; prostaglandins

57
Q

TRPA1 receptors are also to ____ through an indirect pathway

A

bradykinin

58
Q

location of A delta and A beta fibers

A

dentinal tubules and most superficial pulp

59
Q

location of C-fibers

A

pulp only, superficial and deep

60
Q

dentinal stimuli activates ____ and ____ fibers through ____ forces; leads to ____ pain

A

Adelta; Abeta; hydrodynamic; sharp/piercing

61
Q

infection or trauma activates ____ through inflammation; leads to ___ pain

A

C-fibers; dull/aching

62
Q

tooth nerve sensitivity can ____/_____ under conditions of inflammation through many mechanisms

A

change/become hypersensitized

63
Q

expression of _____ can increase during inflammation

A

pain receptors

64
Q

pain nerve fibers in the tooth have an important ____ influence on the pulp itself

A

regulatory

65
Q

the regulatory influence is mediated largely by the release of a class of neuromodulators called _____

A

neuropeptides

66
Q

two prominent types of neuropeptides

A

substance P and CGRP (calcitonin-gene related peptide)

67
Q

peptides are synthesized in the ____, which is in the ____ (outside the brain)

A

cell body; trigeminal ganglion

68
Q

at central endings (trigeminal nucleus, CNS, specifically the brainstem), the peptides have a ____ function, binding with receptors on brain neurons to regulate _____

A

transmitter; pain

69
Q

at peripheral endings (in the tooth), peptides have ____ function, binding with receptors on _____ for a _____ effect

A

local regulatory; vasculature/local cells; pro-inflammatory

70
Q

inflammatory and immune functions of sensory (pain) nerves

A
  • vasodilation (opposes sympathetic control)
  • plasma extravasation
  • angiogenesis
  • interactions with immune cells
71
Q

resident immune system cells in the pulp

A

macrophages
lymphocytes
eosinophils
dendritic cells

72
Q

types of cells in the pulp during inflammation

A

plasma cells
mast cells
pmn’s

73
Q

stem cells in the pulp are a source of replacement for ____ or _____

A

odontoblasts; fibroblasts

74
Q

3 locations of stem cell probably present in mature pulp

A
  1. undifferentiated mesenchymal cells in cell-rich zone
  2. perivascular cells (pericytes) in the core
  3. other cells in the core
75
Q

different stem cell populations in the pulp probably play a role in response to ____

A

injury

Histo (14 decks)

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