Task 9 summary Flashcards
What types of brain injury /deformities are there?
Tumours
seizure disorders
strokes
Brain trauma
Developmental disorders
Degenerative disorders
Infectious diseases
psychological disorders
What is a tumor?
An uncontrolled mass of cells
What are the two types of tumors?
Malignant and benign
What is a malignant tumor?
Cancerous type there is no distinct border between the brain tissue and itself
What is the metastasis?
When in a malignant tumor the cells break off and grow elsewhere
What is a benign tumor?
Harmless type it has a distinct border can easily be removed
How can the brain be damaged by ta tumor?
Through compression/incapsulation or infiltration
how does compression/incapsulation tumors work?
Compressing tumors push against the surrounding tissue
How do infiltration tumors work?
They invade the surrounding region and destroys cells in its path
Different types of tumors?
Gliomas
Meningioma
Pituitary adenoma
Neurinoma
Metastatic carcinoma
Angioma
Pinealoma
In what other types does the group of gliomas split in?
Glioblastoma multiforme
Astrocytoma
Ependymoma
Medulloblastoma
Oligodendrocytoma
What are seizure disorders?
Sudden excessive activity of cerebral neurons
What happens if motor neurons are involved in a seizure?
A convulsion takes place
What is a convulsion?
A wild uncontrollable muscle activity
What two types of seizures are there?
Partial and generalised
What is a partial seizure?
It has a definite source (focus) most often scarred brain regions restricted to small parts of the brain
What are the two types of partial seizures there are?
Simple partial seizure and complex partial seizure
Where dos simple partial seizure causes changes?
in consciousness
What does complex partial seizures do?
Causes loss of consciousness
What is a generalized fissure?
They grow from a focus and then spred through the whole brain
Different types of generalized seizure?
Grand mal
petit mal
epilepsy
What are the two phases and outcome of a grand mal?
Tonic phase:Forceful muscle contraction, rigid pose
Clonic phase: Muscles tremble quickly then slowly (face muscles as well)
Person falls asleep out of exhaustion or looses consciousness
How does a petit mal work?
Theyre spells of absence generalized seizure
Person stares into the distance blinking rapidly unresponsive
prevalent inchildren
What happens during epilepsy?
Corpus cllosum becomes uncontrollably overactive
What is the brain split operation?
spliting corpus cllosum in two severing the relationship between both hemispheres
What is a stroke?
A cerebrovascular accident
What types of strokes are there?
Hemorrhagic stroke
and ischemic stroke
What is an hemorrhagic stroke?
Bleeding within the brain blood seeps out and presses against tissue
What is an Ischemic stroke?
An obstruction of blood flow by thombi or emboli
What is a thombus?
The blood clot on site of its formation
What is an embolus?
Organic material that travels through the bloodstream until it reaches an artery it cant pass through
what can an embolus do?
it can introduce bacterial infection to the brain
What is atherosclerosis?
Fats calcium cholesterol and waste of the lining of arteries precursor to heart attacks and ischemic strokes
What is a brain trauma?
A traumatic brain injury
How can a brain trauma be caused?
By skull fractures that wound the brain
What are the two types of head injuries are there?
Closed head injuries
Open head injuries
How does a closed head injury works?
Thats when theres no penetration of head
What are open head injury?
Phineas gage
What can a brain trauma cause?
internal bleeding:
Contussion and concussion
What is a contusion?
Rupture of the blood capillaries
What is a concussion?
A violent brain shock
Different types of developmental disorders?
Foetal alcohol syndrome
phenylketonuria
down syndrome
What is the foetal alcohol syndrome?
Abnormal facial development and deficient brain development
What is phenyleketonuria?
Inherited lack of phenylalanine converting enzyme
What happpens with phenylketonuria?
too much phenylalanine interferes with myelinisation of axons
it results in severe mental retardation
What is a down synndrome?
3 chromosomes on 21st place and an extra chromosome causes biochemical changes that impair normal brain development it results in mental retardation
Different degenerative disorders?
Transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
Parkinsons disease
Huntingtons disease
Alzheimers disease
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Multiple sclerosis
Korsakoff´s syndrome
Symptoms of parkinson?
Resting tremor rigidity and speech disturbances
slowing down and loss of spontaneous movement(akinesia)
degeneration of nigrostriatal system damage to basal ganglia
important substances to understand parkinsons disease?
Lewy bodies
α-synuclein
Parkin
What are lewy bodies?
abnormal circular structures with dense protein core in nigrostriatal neurons
what is α-synuclein
produced by chromosome 4 toxic to the cell
how is parkin related to parkinson?
a mutation of chromosome 6 that causes it to stop producing parkin
parkin together with ubiquitin plays a role in transporting defective proteins to poteasomes
Is there any treatment for parkinson?
Deep brain stimulation but theres no complete cure
What is alzheimers disease?
It is a form of dementia (deterioration of intellectual abilities)
progressive loss of memories and other mental functions
How can you recognize alzheimer? 20
Degeneration of hippocampus neocortex basal nuclei locus coreuleus and ravi nuclei
Theres amyloid plaques
There are tangles( dying neuron with tau protein filaments)
Neuronal loss because the demyekination of neurons causes glial cells to destroy them
Pinnel P tumor in right cranial nerve
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