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Body And Behavior > Task 1 Brain anatomy > Flashcards

Task 1 Brain anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are all the directions of the brain?

A

Anterior/Rostral

Posterior/caudal

Dorsal

Ventral

Medial

Lateral

Inferior

Superior

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2
Q

Direction of anterior/rostral?

A

Towards the nose end

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3
Q

Direction of posterior/caudal?

A

Towards the tail end

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4
Q

Direction of dorsal?

A

Towards the back or top of the head

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5
Q

Direction of ventral?

A

Towards the chest or bottom of the head

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6
Q

What is the direction of medial?

A

Towards the middle

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7
Q

What is the direction of lateral?

A

Away form the middle

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8
Q

What is the direction of inferior?

A

Lower or below

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9
Q

What is the direction of superior?

A

Upper or above

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10
Q

What parts conform the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system and peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

What is the central nervous system?

A

Division of the nervous system which consists of the brain and spinal cord

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12
Q

Why is the central nervous system referred as central?

A

Because it combines information from the entire body and coordinates activity across the whole organism

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13
Q

Why is the central nervous system the most protected system of the body?

A

Because it is covered by three meninges and cerebrospinal fluid

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14
Q

What is the peripheral nervous system?

A

Division of the nervous system containing all the nerves that lie outside of the CNS

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15
Q

What is the role of the peripheral nervous system?

A

To connect the CNS to the organs,limbs and skin.

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16
Q

Why does the PNS allow the brain and spinal cord to receive and send information to other areas of the body?

A

Because it allows us to react to stimuli in the environment

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17
Q

What two divisions form the peripheral nervous system?

A

The somatic nervous system

The automatic nervous system

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18
Q

What is the somatic nervous system?

A

Is the part that interacts with the external environment

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19
Q

What two types of nerves conform the automatic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nerves

The parasympathetic nerves

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20
Q

What are the sympathetic nerves?

A

Those nerves that project from the CNS in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the spinal cord

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21
Q

What are parasympathetic nerves?

A

Those nerves that project from the brain and sacral region of the spinal cord

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22
Q

What is the ventricular system?

A

Set of four interconnected ventricles in the brain, where the CSF is produced.

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23
Q

What is within each ventricle?

A

A region of choroid plexus that is involved in the production of CSF

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24
Q

What is the ventricular system responsible for?

A

The production, transport and removal of CSF

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25
Q

What is CSF?

A

Plasma that surrounds the brain and spinal cord.

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26
Q

What are the three functions of the CSF?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Buoyancy
  3. Chemical stability
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27
Q

CSF :Protection

A

CSF acts as a cushion in the brain which limits neural damage

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28
Q

CSF. Buoyancy

A

Brains weight is reduced which prevents excessive pressure

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29
Q

Chemical stability

A

It creates an environment that allows the proper functioning of the brain

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30
Q

What is the ventricular system composed of?

A

Lateral ventricles

Third ventricle

Fourth ventricle

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31
Q

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

A

Within their respective hemispheres of the cerebrum

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32
Q

How does the volume of the lateral ventricles increases?

A

With age

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33
Q

Where is the third ventricle located?

A

Between the right and left thalamus

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34
Q

What does the fourth ventricle receive and where does it go afterwards?

A

CSF from the third ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct which goes to the central spinal canal and the subarachnoid cisterns

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35
Q

What is the telencephalon?

A

Is the largest part of the brain

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36
Q

What is the telencephalon composed of?

A

Right and left hemispheres

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37
Q

How are the two hemispheres connected? And what is it?

A

They’re joined by the corpus callosum which is the largest cerebral commissure

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38
Q

What does the corpus callosum do?

A

It transmits messages from one side to the other

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39
Q

What does each hemisphere control?

A

The opposite sides of the body

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40
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The tissue layer that covers the cerebral hemispheres

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41
Q

What is the appearance of the cortex?

A

Folded with hills and valleys

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42
Q

How many neurons does the cortex contain?

A

16 billion neurons arranged in specific layers

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43
Q

What is gray matter?

A

The layer that is mainly composed of un myelinated (lack of myelina) and small neurons

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44
Q

What is white matter?

A

Layer beneath the cortex composed of large myelinated neurons

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45
Q

What does the folding of the brains surface area allows?

A

Increases the brains surface area allowing More neurons to fit inside the skull and enabling higher functions

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46
Q

What are the folds of the cortex?

A

They’re known as gyrus

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47
Q

What are the wrinkles between the folds?

A

They’re known as sulcus

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48
Q

What is the neocortex?

A

90% of human cerebral cortex is called neocortex

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49
Q

What is the neocortex divided in?

A

Six layered cortex of recent evolution

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50
Q

In what two types of cells are the the cortical neurons divided?

A

Pyramidal cells and Stella te cells

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51
Q

What are pyramidal cells?

A

Large multipolar neurons with pyramid shaped bodies, large dendrite (apical dendrite) that extends from the apex of the pyramid ñ, straight towards the cortex surface

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52
Q

What are Stella te cells?

A

Small star shaped interneurons meaning that they are neurons with small axon or without it

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53
Q

What is the columnar organization?

A

They are the neurons in a given vertical column of neocortex often form a small circuit that performs a single function

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54
Q

What is the hippocampus mainly composed of?

A

Three major layers

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55
Q

Where is the hippocampus located?

A

At the medial edge of the cerebral cortex folding back on itself in the medial temporal lobe

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56
Q

What does the shape of the hippocampus resembles to?

A

A sea horse

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57
Q

What is the major role of hippocampus?

A

Role in memory particularly memory for spatial location

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58
Q

What the large wrinkles in cortex?

A

Fissures

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59
Q

How are small wrinkles called?

A

Sulci (sulcus)

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60
Q

How are the ridges between fissures and sulci called?

A

Gyri(gyrus)

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61
Q

Four gyri?

A

Precentral gyri

Postcentral gyri

Superior temporal gyri

Consulate gyrus

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62
Q

What is the orecentral gyri?

A

Is the largest gyri in the frontal lobe and is situated in front of the postcentral gyrus

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63
Q

What is the pistcentral gyri?

A

Prominent gyrus if the parietal lobe

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64
Q

What is located in the postcentral gyri?

A

The primary somatosensory cortex (=main sensory receptive area for sense of touch)

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65
Q

What is the superior temporal gyri?

A

In the temporal lobe

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66
Q

What is the superior temporal gyri invoked in?

A

Perception of emotions in facial stimuli; auditory processing; function of language in individuals who are developing a sense of language

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67
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus?

A

Curved fold covering the corpus callosum

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68
Q

What is the cingulate gyrus part of?

A

It is a component of the limbic system

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69
Q

What is thecingulate gyrus involved in?

A

Processing emotions and behavior regulation

Also helps to regulate autonomic motor function

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70
Q

What can damage to the cingulate gyrus lead to?

A

Cognitive emotional and behavioral disorders

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71
Q

What is the longitudinal fissure?

A

The largest fissure

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72
Q

What are cerebral commisures v

A

Hemisphere connecting tracts

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73
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

The largest cerebral commisure

74
Q

What are the central fissure and lateral fissure?

A

They divide each hemisphere in 4 lobes

75
Q

In what fourlobes do the central and lateral fissures divide the hemispheres?

A

Frontal

Parietal

Temporal

Occupital

76
Q

How do lobes function?

A

Their function is provided by th different areas that are located in each of them

77
Q

What is the frontal lobe?

A

Most anterior part of the cerebral cortex

78
Q

Where does the frontal lobe end?

A

At caudal site of central sulcus

79
Q

What does the frontal lobe deal with?

A

Personality, behavior, emotions ñ, judgement, planning and problem solving

80
Q

In the frontal lobe there’s a thing called brochas area what is it responsible for?

A

Speaking and writing

81
Q

In the frontal lobe there is a structure known as motor strip what is it in charge for?

A

Body movement

82
Q

Other things the frontal lobe is responsible for,

A

Intelligence concentration self awareness

83
Q

Where is the parietal lobe?

A

Posterior to the frontal lobe

84
Q

What does the parietal lobe interpret?

A

Language and words

85
Q

Within the parietal lobe there is a structure known as sensory strip what is it responsible for?

A

Sensation from body such as touch pain temperature

86
Q

What is the occipital lobe?

A

Most posterior part of the brain

87
Q

What is the occipital lobe in charge for?

A

It interprets visual perception (color, light, movement)

88
Q

Why is thenoccupital libe sonimportant?

A

Because we use mainly visual input to guide our behavior

89
Q

Where is the temporal lobe located?

A

Ventral to the frontal and parietal lobes

90
Q

What are the three general functional areas of the temporal lobe?

A

1Superior temporal gyrus

  1. Inferior temporal cortex
  2. Medial temporal cortex
91
Q

What is the superior temporal gyrus involved in?

A

Hearing and language (wernickes area)

92
Q

What is the inferior temporal cortex?

A

Involved in identifying complex visual patterns

93
Q

What is the medial temporal cortex involved in?

A

It is important for certain kinds of memory

94
Q

What happens when you damage the brocas area(left frontal lobe)?

A

We have difficulty moving the tongue or facial muscles to produce the sounds of speech

Though we can still read and understand spoken language

95
Q

So what is brocas aphasia?

A

Difficulty in speaking and writing forming letters and words

96
Q

What happens if you damage the wernickes area (left temporal lobe)?

A

Then you’re dealing with wernickes aphasia

97
Q

What happens when you have wernickes aphasia?

A

You may speak in long sentences that have no meaning add unnecessary words and even create new ones

You are able to make speech sounds but not to understand them

98
Q

What is an aphasia?

A

A disturbance of language affecting speech production comprehension reading or writing due to brain injury (stroke or trauma)

99
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

Is a circuit of midline structures that circle the thalamus

100
Q

What is the limbic system center of?

A

Our emotions ñ, learning and memory

101
Q

What is the limbic system associated with?

A

The regulation of motivated behaviors (fleeing feeding fighting sexual i recourse etc)

102
Q

Where is the limbic system located?

A

Well the limbic system is not an entirely separate system but a part of the telencephalon diencephalon and mesencephalon (brainstem)

103
Q

What does the limbic system consist of?

A

HIPPOCAMPUS

AMYGDALA

FORNIX

CINGULATE CORTEX

MAMMILLARY BODY

SEPTUM

104
Q

where is the hyppocampus?

A

It is located in the temporal lobe but still part of the limbic system

105
Q

What is the hippocampus involved in?

A

Learning memory and spatial awareness

106
Q

Where does the hippocampus play an important role?

A

In the consolidation of information from short term memory to long term memory

107
Q

Why is the hippocampus important to Alzheimer’s disease?

A

It is the first region of the brain to suffer damage with a short term memory loss and disorientation among the early symptoms

108
Q

Where is the amygdala located?

A

In the anterior temporal lobes of the brain also considered part of the basal ganglia

109
Q

What are the primary times of the amygdala?

A

Processing of memory decision making and emotional responses (fear anxiety and aggression)

110
Q

What is the amygdala associated with?

A

The reward system

111
Q

What is the amygdala responsible for?

A

The emotional reactions of PTSD patients

112
Q

Where is amygdala disfunctuon found?

A

In people with bipolar disorder

113
Q

What is the fornix?

A

The major tract of the limbic system

114
Q

What does the fornix connect?

A

The mammillary bodies and the hippocampus

115
Q

What is the surgical transection in humans?

A

Cutting of the fornix along its body

116
Q

What can surgical transection in humans lead to?

A

Memory loss

117
Q

What is the cingulate cortex?

A

Large strip of cortex in the cingulate gyrus on the medial surface of the cerebral hemispheres just superior to the corpus callosum

118
Q

Form who does the cingulate cortex receive inputs?

A

The thalamus and neocortex

119
Q

What is the cingulate cortex involves with?

A

Emotion formation and processing learning and memory

120
Q

In what types of illnesses is the cingulate cortex important?

A

On disorders such as depression and schizophrenia

121
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

They’re located on the under surface of the brain as part of the diencephalon at the ends of the anterior arches of the fornix

122
Q

What does the mammillary body act like?

A

Relay for impulses coming from the amygdala and hippocampus

123
Q

What does the mammillary body contribute with?

A

Alertness and memory formation

124
Q

What does damage to the mammiliary body leads to?

A

Impaired memory (anterograde amnesia)

125
Q

Where is the septum located?

A

In the midline of the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres ñ- attached to the corpus callosum

126
Q

What is the septum connected to and with?

A

Cuando n estes with mammillary bodies to the amygdala and hippocampus so completing the limbic ring

127
Q

What can damage to the septum may lead to,

A

Damage to it can lead to developmental disorders. Symptoms include vision difficulty, low muscle tone, hormonal problems ñ, seizures and intellectual problems

128
Q

What is the basal ganglia?

A

Group of forebrain nuclei including caudate nucleus Puta men and globus pallidus they work with the cerebellum to coordinate fine motions (fingertips movements)

129
Q

Structure of basal ganglia?

A

Sweeping out of each amygdala is the caudate connected to the Putamen

Together(caudate and putamen) they form the striatum

The remaining structure is the pale circular one globus pallidus

130
Q

What is the structure of basal ganglia associated with?

A

Two nuclei in the midbrain substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

131
Q

Where does basal ganglia play a role?

A

I the performance of voluntary motor responses

132
Q

What does lesions of basal ganglia produce and two famous diseases?

A

Produce movement impairments

Parkinson’s disease and Huntington’s disease

133
Q

What is Parkinson’s disease?

A

Characterized by rigidity tremors and poverty of voluntary movement

134
Q

What is Huntington’s disease?

A

Progressive brain disorder that causes uncontrolled movements emotional problems and loss of thinking ability (cognition)

135
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

Is the posterior part of the forebrain, located under the cerebrum

136
Q

What is the functions of the diencephalon?

A

To coordinate muscle movements and maintain posture and balance

137
Q

What does the diencephalon consist ofV

A

Thalamus and hypothalamus

138
Q

What is the thalamus?

A

A large two lobed structure that constitutes the top of the brain stem one lobe on each side of the third ventricle

139
Q

How are the two lives of the thalamus joined?

A

By the massa intermedia

140
Q

What is the massa intermedia?

A

A functionless mass of gray matter in the midline of the third ventricle

141
Q

What does the thalamus serves as?

A

A communication center as it receives information from the different lobes and then gives it on to other brain areas

142
Q

How to understand thalamus nuclei?

A

With sensory relay nuclei which are nuclei that receive signals from sensory receptors, process them and transmit them to the appropriate areas of sensory cortex

143
Q

Where is the hypothalamus located?

A

Below the anterior thalamus (hypo=below)

144
Q

What is the hypothalamus master of?

A

The autonomic system

145
Q

What is the hypothalamus important role?

A

The regulation of several controlled/motivated behaviors

Such as eating sleeping or sexual behavior

It also regulates body temperature blood pressure emotions and secretion of hormones

146
Q

How does the hypothalamus apply his effects?

A

By regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary gland also known as the master gland though it also controls other endocrine glands in the body

147
Q

What does the pituitary gland secrete?

A

Hormones that control sexual development promote bone and muscle growth and respond to stress

148
Q

In addition to the pituitary gland what other two structures appear on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus?

A

The optic chiasm and the mammillary bodies

149
Q

What is the optic chiasm?

A

Point at which the optic nerves from each eye come together

150
Q

Where is the optic chiasm located?

A

At the bottom of the brain immediately below the hypothalamus

151
Q

What are the mammillary bodies?

A

Pair of spherical nuclei located on the inferior surface of the hypothalamus behind the pituitary considered to be part of the hypothalamus

152
Q

What is the mesencephalon?

A

Midbrain

153
Q

What are the two divisions of the midbrain?

A

Tectum and tegmentum

154
Q

What is the tectum?

A

Is the dorsal surface of the midbrain

155
Q

In mammals whatbis tectum composed of?

A

Two pairs of bums called the colliculi

Superior and inferior

156
Q

What is the superior colliculi?

A

Anterior pair it has a visual function

157
Q

What’s the inferior colliculi?

A

Is the posterior pair it has an auditory function

158
Q

What is tegmentum?

A

División of the mesencephalon ventral to the tectum

159
Q

What are the theee colorful substructures of the tegmentum?

A

Perisqueductal gray

Substantia nigra

Red nucleus

160
Q

What is the periaqueductal gray?

A

Gray matter situated around the cerebral aqueduct

161
Q

What is the cerebral aqueduct?

A

Duct connecting the third and forth ventricles

162
Q

Why is the periaqueductal gray important?

A

Because of its role in mediating the analgesic (pain-reducing) effects of opiate drugs

163
Q

What is substantia nigra?

A

Black substance part of the basal ganglia located in the midbrain

164
Q

Why is substantia nigra important?

A

It has an important role in reward and movement

165
Q

What does substantia nigra contain?

A

Dopamine-producing cells (Parkinsons disease)

166
Q

What is the red nucleus?

A

Pale pink structure in rostral midbrain involved in motor coordination. Located in the tegmentum of the midbrain next to the substantia nigra

167
Q

What is the metencephalon ?

A

It is home to many ascending and descending tracts as well as part of the reticular formation

168
Q

What is a tract?

A

Large bundle of nerve fibers

169
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Exerts some control over which sensory signals reach the cerebrum and come to our conscious attention. It plays a central role of in states of consciousness like alertness and sleep

170
Q

What are the two major divisions of the metencephalon ?

A

Pons and cerebellum

171
Q

What is the pons?

A

Involved in the control of breathing communication between different parts of the brain and sensations such as hearing taste and balance

172
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Large structure of the brains stem dorsal surface

173
Q

What kind of structure does the cerebellum have?

A

An important sensorimotor one that receives information from the sensory systems spinal cord and other parts of the brain and then regulates motor movements

174
Q

What is the cerebellum in charge of?

A

Coordination of voluntary movements such as posture balance and speech

Cerebellar damage produces a variety of cognitive deficits (decision making-use of language) because functions of the cerebellum are not restricted to sensorimotor control

175
Q

What is the myelencephalon or medulla?

A

Is the most posterior division of the brain composed of tracts carrying signals between the rest of the brain and body

176
Q

Where does the myelencephalon seem to play a role in?

A

In arousal

Various nuclei of the reticular formation are involved in sleeping attention movement muscle maintenance cardiac and respiratory reflexes

177
Q

What is the brain stem?

A

Posterior part of the brain it includes the mesencephalon(midbrain) the metencephalon(pons) and the myelencephalon(medulla) of the hindbrain (sometimes also the diencephalon)

178
Q

What is the hindbrain?

A

Is the lower part of the brainstem comprising the cerebellum pons and medulla

179
Q

What does the brain stem provide?

A

Main motor and sensory distribution of nerves to the face and neck via the cranial nerves

180
Q

Where does the brain stem play a role?

A

In the regulation of cardiac and respiratory function it regulates the CNS and helps us maintaining consciousness and regulating sleep cycle

Body And Behavior (12 decks)

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