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Body And Behavior > Task 2 > Flashcards

Task 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are all cells of the neurons system comprised of?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

In what to parts can the nervous system be divided in?

A

Central nervous system

Peripheral nervous system

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3
Q

What does the clnervous system serve as?

A

The manager of the body because it control the functions of every other system

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4
Q

What are the two types of cells on the nervous system?

A

Neurons and glial cells

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5
Q

What are neurons specialized for?

A

Reception conduction and transmission of electrochemical signals in the body

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6
Q

What is each neuron?

A

A self contained functioning unit

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7
Q

How does a neuron work?(in plain terms)

A

It receives input from other cells integrates those inputs and then distributes the processed information to other neurons

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8
Q

Why does the nervous system use neurons?

A

In order to generate and relay electrical messages called action potentials to control bodily functions

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9
Q

How does a neuron communicate?

A

Via electrical impulses or using specific chemicals such as neurotransmitters

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10
Q

What are the principal components of neurons?

A

Dendrites, soma , axon and the axon terminal

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11
Q

What are the dendrites?

A

Root like part of the cell that stretches out from the body

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12
Q

What is the input zone ?

A

Zone that receives electrical and chemical messages from other neurons by grabbing on to neurotransmitters the greater the surface of a dendrite the more information it will receive

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13
Q

What are the two types of messages?

A

Inhibitory-cell body will not transmit the message to axon

Excitatory-cell body will send the message down the axon and pass it to other neurons

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14
Q

What happened when the messages transmitted towards the soma are large enough?

A

They will generate an action potential meaning that the signal will be transmitted down the axon

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15
Q

What is the soma?

A

Ball like structure metabolic center of the neuron

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16
Q

What is the integration zone?

A

Zone that combines the information the neuron has received to determine whether or not to send a signal of its own.

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17
Q

What is the soma covers by?

A

A semipermeable membrane that encloses the neuron(cell membrane)

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18
Q

What does the soma contain?

A

The control center of the neuron which regulates cell functions (nucleus)

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19
Q

What do the cell body and nucleus control ?

A

The functions over the nerve cell

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20
Q

Where do neither soma nor nucleus play an active role?

A

In the transmission of a neural signal

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21
Q

What is the cell body responsible for?

A

-Producing the protein that the other parts of the neuron including dendrites axons and synapses need to function properly

   Building new dendrites enabling the                  
   Neurons to make new connections with other neurons

-Making chemicals (=neurotransmitters) which neurons use as signals

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22
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

Cone shaped region at the junction between axon and cell body it controls the firing of the neuron

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23
Q

What happens when the total strength of the signal exceeds the limit of the axon hillock?

A

The structure will fire signal(action potential) down the axon

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24
Q

What is the neurons integration zone?l(axon hillock)

A

Gathers and interprets information from all the synapses of the neurons dendrites and soma then it converts the processes information into a code of electrical impulses that carries the neurons message down the axon toward its targets

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25
Q

What is axon polarization?

A

The overall balance between the positive and negative charges is such that the inside of the axon is electrically negative with respect to the outside

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26
Q

When is the axon polarized?

A

In its testing start also known as resting potential

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27
Q

What is the axon?

A

It is the conduction zone carrying information from cell bodies to terminal buttons (one way street)

The larger the diameter of the axon the aster it transmits information

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28
Q

What are some school ns covered with?

A

The myelin sheath which acts as an insulator. It surrounds the neurons protects the axon and aids in the speed of transmission.

29
Q

How is the myelin sheath broken up?

A

By points known as the nodes of ranvier

30
Q

What are the nodes of ranvier?

A

The gap insulating sheath in the axon that causes a discontinuity which facilitates the rapid conduction of nerve impulses

31
Q

What are the axon terminals?

A

The output zone which communicates the cells activity to other cells as synapses

32
Q

What are terminal buttons?

A

Small knobs at the ends of the axon which release chemicals called neurotransmitters into synapses

33
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

Chemicals contained in the terminal buttons that enable neurons to communicate they fit into receptor cells on the dendrites on the other neurons like a key in a lock

34
Q

What are neurotransmitters responsible for?

A

The reuptake of any excessive neurotransmitters released during the process

35
Q

What is the reuptake?

A

Process where excess neurotransmitter is sucked

36
Q

What is a synapse?

A

Communication sites where neurons pass nerve impulses among themselves

37
Q

What are the three main categories of neurons?

A

Multipolar unipolar and bipolar neurons

38
Q

What are bipolar neurons?

A

Sensory neurons consisting of one axon and one dendrite that extend from the cell body

39
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

In the PNS

40
Q

What is the bipolar neurons main function?

A

Transmitting sensory information to CNS

41
Q

Where are bipolar neurons found?

A

Olfactory visual and hearing (sensory function)

42
Q

What are unipolar neurons?

A

One axon that extends from the cell body and divided into two or more branches

43
Q

Where can unipolar neurons be found?

A

Ganglia and spinal cord

44
Q

What are multipolar neurons?

A

Most common of all neuron types 99%

Have many sets of dendrites and one main axon

45
Q

Where can multipolar neurons be found?

A

In the CNS

46
Q

What are multipolar interneurons?

A

Neurons with a short axon or no axon at all and their function is to receive information from other neurons process it and pass the integrated info on

47
Q

What are the three functional types of neurons?

A

Sensory neurons

Motor neurons

Interneurons

48
Q

What are sensory neurons?

A

Neurons that detect changes in external or internal environment and send information about it to the CNS mostly unipolar

49
Q

What are motor neurons?

A

Get information from other neurons and convey commands to muscles organs and glands

50
Q

What are interneurons?

A

They’re neurons with short axon or no axon at all in the CNS they only receive and send output to other neurons

51
Q

What is the neurosnstomical structure (table in photograph?

A

Look table

52
Q

How are clusters of cell bodies known in the CNS how in the PNS?

A

CNS nuclei

PNS ganglia

53
Q

How are bundles of nerve fibers (axons) known in the CNS how in the PNS?

A

CNS tracts

PNS nerves

54
Q

How is the myelin providing ganglia known in the CNS how in the PNS?

A

CNS Oligodendrocytes

PNS Schwann cells

55
Q

Name all the supporting cells

A

Glial cell

Oligodendrocyte

Schwann cells

Astrocyte

Microglia

56
Q

What are all cell membranes composed of?

A

Lipid bilayer (two layers of fat molecules

57
Q

What is the function of the lipid bilayer what does it have embedded in it?

A

It’s function is to take care that the intercellular and extracelular space remain separated

It has molecules and proteins embedded in it

58
Q

What are the two types of proteins embedded to the lipid bilayer?

A

Channel proteins: Allow certain molecules to pass through

Signal proteins:Transfer signal to the inside of the neuron when particular molecules bind to them on the outside of the membrane

59
Q

What two types of transport can protein channels and pumps be?

A

Passive transport: Channel enables ions to flow rapidly through membranes in a downhill direction, so channel action illustrates passive transport or facilitated diffusion

Active transport: pumps are energy transducers in that they convert one form of free energy into another. Thus, pump action is an example of active transport

60
Q

Membrane potential (active transport)

A

Transport of a substance from lower to higher concentration of that substance, using energy from the cell through a living cell membrane

61
Q

What does active transport (membrane potential) allows?

A

Cells to obtain nutrients that cannot pads through the membrane by other means

62
Q

What is selective permeability,

A

Membrane has some control over what can cross it so that only certain molecules either enter or leave the cell.

Each ion works for one type of ion

63
Q

Differences between intercellular fluid and extra cellular fluid

A

Intra: fluid contained within the cell A- K+ CL- Na+

Extra: Cl- Na + K+

64
Q

Explain A-?

A

It is unable to pass through the membrane of the axon

65
Q

Explain Ka+?

A

It is concentrated within the axon but diffusion pushes it out of the cell while electroestática pressure forces the action inside

Two opposing forces balance K+ and remain where they are

66
Q

Explain CL- ?

A

It is the greatest concentration outside the axon

Diffusion pushes it inward electrostatic pressure pushes it outwards —> this opposing forces balance

67
Q

Explain Na+

A

Greatest concentration outside the axon

Diffusion pushes it inward electrostatic pressure pushes it inside while sodium potassium pump pushes it out of the axon

68
Q

What is resting potential?

A

The electrical difference across the membrane of the neuron

Body And Behavior (12 decks)

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