task 5 more info

Question 1

what is a reflex?

Answer 1

a basic unit of behaviour. A simple unlearned response to a particular stimulus

Question 2

what is a motor plan or motor program?

Answer 2

a complex set of commands to muscles that is established before the behavior starts. A plan of action in the nervous system

Question 3

how can motor behavior be analyzed?

Answer 3

with videos or EMG5electromyography looking at the eletrical activity of the muscles)

Question 4

what is a stretch reflex?

Answer 4

the contraction of a muscle in response to a stretch of that muscle, it is monosynaptic meaning that involves transmission of infromation from a sensory neuron to the appropriate motor neuron across a single synapse in the spinal cord. it does not go to the brain

Question 5

what is a withdrawal reflex?

Answer 5

the contraction of a muscle when a painful stimulus is encountered it is NOT monosynaptic and it takes longer because interneurons are involved. it does not go to the brain either

Question 6

wgat are the two mechanisms that regulate and control our movements?

Answer 6

closed loop mechanism and open loop mechanism

Question 7

what is a closed loop mechanism?

Answer 7

contrl mechanism that transport information from what is being controlled to the device that controls it. Maximize accuracy (prevent or minimize error)

Question 8

what is an open looped mechanism?

Answer 8

control mechanisl that does not give feeback because has to respond as fast as possible. Maximize speed

Question 9

what is a ballistic moivement?

Answer 9

rapid muscular movement that is generally preprogrammed

Question 10

who dtermines which movements are possible?

Answer 10

the skeletal system

Question 11

who controls actions of the skeletal system?

Answer 11

muscles

Question 12

what is a smooth muscle?

Answer 12

a type of muscle fiber as in the heart tha is controlled by the autonomic nervous system rather than by voluntary control

Question 13

what are tendons?

Answer 13

strong tissue that connects muscle to bone

Question 14

what are antagonist muscles?

Answer 14

a muscle that counteracts the effect of another muscle

Question 15

what are synergists?

Answer 15

a muscle that acts together with another muscle

Question 16

what is a motor neuron?

Answer 16

neuronn in the brain or spinal cord that transmits messages to a muscle

Question 17

fucntion of the spinal cord?

Answer 17

control skeletal muscles in response to sensory information, also implements motor commands from the brain

Question 18

function of brain stem?

Answer 18

integrates motor commands from higher levels of the brain and transmits them to the spinal cord it also relays sensory information about the body from the spinal cord to the forebrain

Question 19

what role does the posterior parietal cortex play?

Answer 19

directing behavior by providing spatial information and in directing attention it receives inpur from more than one sensory input(visual,auditory and somatosensory system)

Question 20

wha could cause damages to the posterior parietal cortex?

Answer 20

apraxia and contralateral neglect

Question 21

where does most of the output achieved by the posterior parietal cortex go?

Answer 21

to the dorsolteral prefrontal association cortex

Question 22

who is the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex connected to?

Answer 22

it communicqtes with secondary and primary motor cortex as well as to the frontal eyelid

Question 23

what role does the dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex play?

Answer 23

identifying and responding to objectds initiating voluntary movements as well

Question 24

what is the central pattern generator?

Answer 24

neural circuitry that is responsible for generating rhytmic patter of a behavior such as walkinng

Question 25

what is reciprocal innnervation?

Answer 25

antagonistic muscles are innervated in a way that permits a smooth unimpeded motor response meaning that when one contracts the other relxes

Question 26

what is flaccid paralysis?

Answer 26

it generally results just when considerable length of the spinal cord has been destroyed. it is a loss of reflexes below the level of transaction of the spinal cord

Question 27

what are polioviruses?

Answer 27

a class of viruses that destroy motor neurons and their target muscles waste away

Question 28

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Answer 28

a disease in which motor neurons and their target muscles waste away

Question 29

what is the pyramidal system?

Answer 29

consists of neuronal cell bodies within the cerebral cortex and their axons which pass through the brain stem forming the pyramidal tract to the spinal cord

Question 30

what is the primary motor cortex?

Answer 30

consists mainky in the precentral gyrus

Question 31

what is a motor homunculus?

Answer 31

the ugly thing that represents the primary motor cortex and regions controlled by it

Question 32

what is the non primary motor cortex

Answer 32

cortical regions also important for motor control connecting with both the primary motor nd the other inferior parts of the brain such as bri stem or cerebellul

Question 33

what is the SMA?

Answer 33

the supplementary motor area theres also a preSMA and supplementary eyefield

Question 34

what is the premotor cortex ( dorsal and ventral)

Answer 34

a region of no primary motor cortex just anterior to the primary motor cortex that is activated when motor seauences are guideed by external stimuli

Question 35

cerebellum?

Answer 35

affects programs coordination and learning of acts guides movement by inhibiting neurons at the Purkinje cells that synapse with the deep cerebellar nuclei controls skilled movements particularly fast and repeated so that become automatic

Question 36

what is a mirror neuron?

Answer 36

a neuron that s activated when both an individual makes a particular movement or when that indvidual sees another individual make the same movement

Question 37

where are mirror neurons located at?

Answer 37

theyre in frontal and parietal cortex

Question 38

what may a mirror neuron suggest?

Answer 38

a neural basis for sympathy