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Complex Cognition > Task 9 - Language > Flashcards

Task 9 - Language Flashcards

1
Q

Whorfian Hypothesis

A

Assumes: language determines or influences thinking;
Strong position: language determines thinking
Intermediate position:
language influences thinking

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2
Q

Linguistic Relativity

A

Ways in which speakers of a language think, are influenced by the language they speak

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3
Q

Language influence on thinking

A
  • Color discrimination
  • temporal estimation
  • categorization
  • can enhance memory and categorical perception
  • > only weaker version of Whorfian supported
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4
Q

Pragmatics

A

Study of the ways language is used and understood in the real world
-> consideration of intended meaning not literal meaning

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5
Q

Intended meaning

A

literal meaning - semantics

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6
Q

Metaphor

A

figure of speech that describes an object or action in a way that isn’t literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison

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7
Q

Metaphor Theories

A 
Standard Pragmatic model (Grice)
Predication Model (Kintsch)
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8
Q

Standard pragmatic model of Metaphors

A

Grice, 1975;
Literal meaning is accessed;
-> if literal meaning inadequate: non-literal meaning searched
-> figurative meaning accessed slower than literal (evidence contradicts that)

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9
Q

Predication Model

A

Kintsch;
Latent semantic analysis content: relations of words in sentence is analyzed
Construction-integration component: interpretations of statements is made
-> appropriate predicate features are selected (“lawyers are sharks”)

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10
Q

Common Ground

A

Shared knowledge and beliefs of speaker and listener during conversation
-> facilitates communication

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11
Q

Egocentric Heuristic

A

Strategy used by listeners: interpret what they hear based on own knowledge rather than common ground
-> displayed more by individualist cultures than interdependent

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12
Q

Working Memory Capacity

A

Ability to store and process information at the same time;

-> higher capacity: better language comprehension (greater vocab, maintain task-goals better, more focused)

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13
Q

Discourse

A

Language with minimum of several sentences in length (incl. written text and connected speech)

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14
Q

Discourse Inferences

A

Logic Inferences
Bridging inferences
Elaborative inferences

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15
Q

Logic Inferences

A

Inferences based on meaning of words

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16
Q

Bridging inferences

A

Inferences increasing coherence between current and preceding parts of a text
-> backward inferences

17
Q

Elaborative inferences

A

Inferences based on our knowledge of the world; expanding on information of content
-> e.g. anticipating future, adding nuances to text that is read

18
Q

Constructionist Position (Branford)

A

Inferences in discourse made based on mental models:

  • internal representation of possible situation or event
  • many automatic inferences are made
  • > when reader attempts to read text for enjoyment or mastery
19
Q

Minimalist Hypothesis (McKoon and Ratcliff)

A

In absence of specific, goal-directed processes: automatic and strategic inferences made

  • > not many automatic inferences made, only necessary ones
  • > for quick reading: little background knowledge and text lacks coherence
20
Q

Anaphor resolution

A

Attributing to a previously mentioned referent (noun or noun phrase)

  • > e.g. Fred sold his house to John, he sold it for 100k;
  • > you know who did what
21
Q

Schema theory (inferences)

A

Bartlett:
packets of knowledge (e.g. scripts)
-Associative structure: consist of interconnected units
-Basis in multiple episodes
-Lack of unit detail
-Adaptability: change and adapt over time

22
Q

Complex inferences

A

Bridgin inferences involving working out causal relationships between two sentences

  • Bonding: automatic activation of words from preceding sentences
  • Resolution: ensuring interpretation is consistent with contextual information
23
Q

Schema errors

A

Rationalization: errors in story recall inconsistent with rememberer’s cultural expectations (e.g. dictator not called hitler)
Levelling: omitting unfamiliar details from recall
Sharpening: selecting certain details for embellishment

24
Q

Kintsch’s construction-integration model (inferences)

A

Elements of schema-theory and mental model approach;

  • readers turn sentences into propositions (true/false statements)
  • three representations constructed: surface, propositional, situation
  • Bottom-up during construction
  • Top-down during integration
25
Q

Event-indexing model

A

Updating of situation models incrementally

  • > brick-by-brick
  • > based on changes to aspects of situation that is depicted (protagonist, temporality, causality, spatiality, intentionality)
26
Q

Event-segmentation theory

A

Model is updated globally

-> old situational model replaced by new one (from scratch)

27
Q

Explicit Communication

A

Verbal information

28
Q

Implicit Communication

A

Nonverbal information: e.g. facial expressions, tonality

-> prosodic cues

29
Q

High-context culture

A

People deeply involved with each other

  • > more shared information guiding behavior
  • > clear and appropriate ways how to behave in each situation
    e. g. East Asian
  • > key info often conveyed nonverbally
30
Q

Low-context culture

A

Relatively low amount of involvement among individuals

  • > less shared information to guide behavior
  • > necessary for people to communicate explicitly and fill in gaps (e.g. US)
  • > attend more to explicit communication
31
Q

Bilingual properties

A

Smaller vocabulary

  • > deficits in semantic fluency
  • better executive control (inhibition, attention switching, working memory)
32
Q

Neural Correlates Bilinguals

A

Neural locus of cognitive control in bilateral frontal regions
-> higher grey matter density in inferior parietal regions

33
Q

Foreign Language effect

A

Using foreign language instead of native one leads to greater reliance on systematic/analytic processes (System2) in decision making
-> increased systematicity

34
Q

Increased Systematicity

A

Use of foreign tongue decreased effects of decision biases, more reliant on systematic processes

  • > diminished framing and loss aversion
  • > greater psychological & emotional distance

Complex Cognition (9 decks)

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