Task 1 - Individualist vs. Collectivist Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

Western Cognition

A
  • Attend to focal object
  • analyze attributes
  • formal logic
  • emphasis on individual objects (e.g. in art)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Eastern Cognition

A

Attend to broad perceptual & conceptual field

  • focus on relationship & changes
  • group based on family resemblance
  • emphasis on field, not on objects
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causality Attribution Differences

A

Western: focus exlusively on object
Eastern: attributions based on context

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of differences in Cognition

A
  • social factors

- early training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Social Factors

A

East Asions: tend to live in communities with prescribed roles; contain more objects
Westerners: less constraining social networks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Western Early training

A
  • Babies sleep in separate beds from parents

- Emphasis on objects and their attributes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eastern Early Training

A
  • Rarely sleep in bed separate from parents

- emphasis on feelings and relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Greeks

A
  • used formal logic
  • focused on single object
  • better in geometry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Chinese

A
  • focused on entirety

- worse in geometry but better in magnetism and astronomy (moon and tides)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Causal Attribution

A

Individualist: explain events with properties of objects
Interdependent: explain events with reference between object and field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Decision-making

A

Interdependent cultures more likely to compromise in conflicts
-> try to find truth; individualistic: more inclined to reject one in favor of other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Categorization

A

East Asians: classify based on relationships and family resemblance (cow & grass: cow eats grass)
Americans: classify by rule-based category membership (cow and chicken, both animals)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Detection of Covariation

A

Chinese: focus on field, better at judging covariation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Field dependence

A
  • Chinese: difficulty separating objects from surroundings

- -> focus more on field

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Attention to field

A

Americans: mention salient objects first

-Japanese: mention info about field first

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Change blindness

A

Pictures shown sequentially (not side-by-side)

  • Americans: noticed changes in objects more
  • Japanese: noticed changes in relationships and environmnet more
17
Q

WEIRD cultures

A

Western Educated Industrialized Rich Democratic cultures

18
Q

WEIRD problem

A
  • most studies are of WEIRD cultures (92% psychology studies from US)
  • WEIRD cultures unusual in global perspective though
19
Q

Reasoning Differences

A

Western: rely on analytical reasoning strategies
Asians: rely on holistic reasoning strategies

20
Q

Holistic Thinking

A

Considering objects or scenarios (e.g. people’s behaviors) by focusing on context and relationships between focal object and its context

21
Q

Analytic Thinking

A

Focusing on the focal objects and its features:

  • more likely to attend to focal object
  • more susceptible to primacy effect
22
Q

Memory Differences

A

Individualistic: better in memory for categorically processed information
-more categorical-based memory errors
Interdependent:
-better in memory for contextual information
-memory advantages in multitasking (see the entire picture)

23
Q

Heuristic Differences

A

Americans: stronger representative heuristics: more likely to expect cause and effect to correspond in magnitude
Chinese: more likely to understand and appreaciate regression towards the mean

24
Q

Information processing differences

A

Americans: stronger future orientation (value it more)
East Asians: stronger past orientation (put less weight on most immediate infromation, past and future perceived more connected to present)

25
Priming
Analytical or holistic thinking can be induced via priming
26
Decision-making differences
Holistic: tend to consider more information and contextual factors, seek compromise more
27
Advertisement differences
Americans: favor ads featuring facts Asians: favor ads focusing on general associations of product with context and experience
28
Social Class differences
Working class tend to be more interdependent than middle class;
29
Voluntary Settlement Hypothesis
frontiers attract people with more independent orientation, conditions along frontier foster independent norms -> explanation for cultural differences within US
30
Marketing
Brand attitude strong predictor for purchase intent regardless of culture; Likeability important when advertising to culturally conservative groups
31
Universal paths (marketing)
Ethicality of ad - > Likeability of ad - > Attitude to Advertiser - > Attitude to brand - > Purchase intent