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Personality and individual differences > Task 8 > Flashcards

Task 8 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a personality disorder ?

A
  • extreme lvl of some personality characteristic
  • it’s a stable and ongoing way of thinking feeling and behaving
  • deviate from the norms
  • impact the happines of the person and hsi or her surrounding
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2
Q

When do personality disorder emerge ?

A
  • adolescence and early adulthood

- influence from the disorder or the disorder itself Fluctuates over time

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3
Q

What do personality disorder lead to ?

A
  • inability to form and sustain interepsonal relationships
  • higehr morbidity(higher illness) and mortality (risk of death)
  • E.g higher suicide
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4
Q

Why do we cluster according to the DSM 5 personality disorders ?

A
  • because of clinicians and not because of a factor analysed cluster
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5
Q

What kind of model is the DSM 5 and DSM 4 ?

A
  • DSM 5 = hybrid model (Dimensional and categorical)

- DSM 4 = only categorical

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6
Q

How would u describe cluster A of the DSM 5 ?

A
  • odd eccentric (sonderling)

- Contains: Schizoid, Schizotypal, paranoid

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7
Q

How would u describe cluster B of the DSM 5 ?

A
  • dramatic , emotional , erratich (umberechenbar)

- Contains: Antiscoial, borderline, Histrionic, Narcistic

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8
Q

How would u describe cluster C of the DSM 5 ?

A
  • Anxcious and fearful

- Contains Aviodant, dependent obsessive compulsive

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9
Q

How would u describe a schizoid person?

A
  • Extreme Detachment
  • no intrest in social or personal relationship
  • limited expression of emotion
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10
Q

How would u describe a schizotypal person ?

A
  • Detachment and dificulty in having close relationship
  • odd thinking and behaviour
  • fascinated with paranormal
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11
Q

How would u describe a Paranoid person ?

A
  • Extreme distrust & suspiciousness of others
  • Quick to feel insulted
  • scraed to be harm
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12
Q

How would u describe a Antiscoial person ?

A
  • violate rights of others

- impulsive and aggresive

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13
Q

How would u describe a Borderline person ?

A
  • extreme impulsivity
  • Substance abuse
  • strong mood changes
  • often harm themself
  • > ask elena
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14
Q

How would u describe a Histrionic person ?

A
  • Are attention seeking
  • over expression of emotion
  • emotions are quickly changing
  • thinks that relationships are close even though they are not
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15
Q

How would u describe a Narcisstic person ?

A
  • Strong sense of self-importance & entitlement (“grandiosity
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16
Q

How would u describe a avoidant person ?

A
  • Extrem shyness
  • low self esteem
  • lack of social contact
  • Oversensitivity to possible negative evaluation
  • > similar to schizo but they want contact instead of schizo
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17
Q

How would u describe a dependent person?

A
  • need to be taken care of

- depend on others

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18
Q

How would u describe a Obsessive compulsive person ?

A
  • Strong need for order and prfection
  • highly stubborn
  • value material things
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19
Q

What are the major problems according totthe DSM 5 ?

A
  1. Symptoms of a given disorder don’t necessarily go together (rule following and stubborn do not go together)
  2. Disorders may have overlapping symptoms (over diagnosis)
  3. Clusters do not match factor analysis
  4. Personality disorder should be seen as a continuum
  5. most classified clusters are borderline and NOS (trash bin)
  6. To complex that only a expertise can have an overview
  7. Comorbidity = because of overlaps in clusters sometimes wrong PD are treated
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20
Q

Describe the alternative system of the DSM 5 ?

A
  • Focuses on two main features:
    1. Impaired personality functioning
    2. presence of pathological personality traits.
  • Also had 5 broad domains -> with 5 trait facets each
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21
Q

Out of which two domains does impaired personality functioning exist and give some examples:

A
  1. self problems
    - E.g: Indentity problems (uniqness not given, lowe self esteem, not regulate or identfiy emotions) and self direction problems (no standard self no goal behaviour can not talk about motivations)
  2. interpersonal problems
    - E.g Empathy problemes (can not understand perspective ,motivation and behviour effects on others) and intimacy problmes ( not possible to build close relationship)
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22
Q

What are the 5 domains of the alternative theory ?

A
  1. Negative affectivity
  2. Detachment
  3. Antagonism
  4. Disinhibition vs. compulsivity
  5. Psychoticism
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23
Q

What is meant by negative affectivity and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?

A
  • intense and frequent experience of negative emotions

- similar to neuroticism

24
Q

What is meant by detachment and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?

A
  • being shy regarding social interactions and from other people
  • low pole of extraversion
25
Q

What is meant by antagonism and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?

A
  • acting in a way that u create difficulties for other people
  • low on agreebalness
26
Q

What is meant by disinhibtion vs compusivity and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?

A
  • low pole of conscientiousnes

- ASK ELENA

27
Q

What is meant by psychoticism and how does it correlate to the big 5 ?

A
  • unusual, bizarre thoughts and perceptions.

- no direct counterpart

28
Q

When would someone be diagnosed as being disorderd according to the alternative model ?

A
  • When both factors (Impaired personality functioning presence of pathological personality traits are present)
  • they have to be stable across time
  • behaviour is not considered to be normal for the person stage of development and culture
  • not due to substance abuse
29
Q

What influences personality traits ?

A
  • Evolutionary adaptive functions
  • gentic
  • developemtal stage
  • enviorment
30
Q

What is so speacual regarding borderline ?

A
  • high heritability 0.4

- and caused by trauma during childhood

31
Q

What is so special regarding schizotypal ?

A
  • it is a “true type” so u either have the gentic tendency to develop disorder or u do not
32
Q

How cooman are personality disorders ?

A
  • 6% overall
  • Psychiatric outpatient settings: 50%
  • Highest prevalence in prisons: 66%
33
Q

Why is treatment of personaliyt disorder so difficult ?

A
  • because P-disorders are not based on external disorders
  • crazy people are not good patient
  • disorders are not present right away
34
Q

Why is antiscoial personality disorder especially difficut to treat ?

A
  • tend to pretend as if they are cured
  • > want to obtain early release
  • Great improvment sometimes lead to poorest outcomes
35
Q

So how can we then treat antisocial personality disorders ?

A
  • Psychodynamic group therapy
  • only works for non-psychopathic offenders
  • Goal was to learn empathy and responsibility
36
Q

Which treatment worked best for also the psychpathic offenderss =

A
  • By showing Antisocial persons that criminal acts lead to imprisonment, and showing them ways to get what they want without harming others
  • not about changing
  • reducting self intrest and society accepted behaviour
37
Q

How can some personality disorders be treated ?

A
  • Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)
  • Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT)
  • Psychobiological Treatments
    Pharmacotherapy
38
Q

How does Psychodynamic Psychotherapy work ?

A
  • improve self-understanding to thereby improve in functioning
  • E.g: USed by BPD
  • Help to reflect on & explore mental life by express emotions and speak freely about what is on their mind
39
Q

How does Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) work ?

A
  • thinks that PD are based on dysfunctional views about oneself, the surrounding world & the future
  • Make them realise that perceptions are inaccurate & harmful and change the perceptions
40
Q

How does Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT) work ?

A
  • To develop mindfulness so patients can better handle thoughts and feelings that cause them distress
  • making patient aware what he thinks and feels and to make him to accept those thoughts
  • they do not critizied thought they just show them a more adaptive respond
41
Q

How does Psychobiological Treatment work ?

A
  • imbalances of chemical substances of the brain

- Use drugs to counteract

42
Q

Give some key informations regarding life course and PD ?

A
  • PD evolve continuously over life span
  • Disorders have there peak at 13 - 14 years old
  • PD reduce until 28 bceuase social competence increases
  • Change in trait predicts change
  • PD very difficult to assure before the age of 18
  • PD are in general very flexible
43
Q

What are the conclusions regarding the article which correlates PD with life course?

A
  • need more longitudinal studies (not that much is known

- We need more infos regaring classification, assessment (bewertung) & diagnosis across life span

44
Q

What is the aim of each treatment method ?

A
  • To treat the trait and not the psychological abnormalities
45
Q

How succesfull are treatments ?

A
  • reduces acute symptons
  • but complex symptons is not doable
  • Pharmacological treatments should only be used when integrated in psychosocial treatments
46
Q

How much can we treat Cluster A ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy )

A
  • Most difficult to treat
  • psychological treatment: suggest that change in cognitive & social disabilities of schizotypal peeps is possible
  • Pharmacotherapy: some improvment but risk and benefit ratio is not clear
47
Q

How much can we treat cluster B ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy )

A
  • Psychosocial treatment: improved outcomes on life-threatening behaviours & psychiatric symptoms
  • Pharmacotherapy: Works but not for BPD and for antisocial not routinley used
48
Q

How much can we treat Cluster C ? (regarding psychological treatment and Pharmacotherapy)

A
  • Most simple to treat
  • Psychosocial: improves social function & reduces distress -> large cognitive impact
  • Pharmacotherapy: might be good for avoidant PD
49
Q

What are drak personality traits ?

A
  • middle ground between normal personality & clinical level pathology
  • was unable to detect by DSM 4 because it was only dimensional
50
Q

When do dark trait occur ?

A
  • When enhancement of the self & harm others is present

- negative characteristics that emerge when individuals let down their guard

51
Q

What are some unique charactersitics of dark traits ?

A
  • All are negatively correlated with A and to Honesty-Humility
  • May be short-term evolutionary strategies for success
52
Q

What are the three main dark traits ?

A
  • Machiavellianism, Narcissim and Psychopathy
53
Q

Name some features of the dark trait machiavellianism:

A
  • Mainpulative personlaity
  • like to deceive others
  • lack of empathy, unconventional view of morlaity, self focused
  • Negative to C and positive to N
54
Q

Name some features of the dark trait narcissism:

A
  • Grandiosity, dominance and superiority
  • lack of trust and care
  • bad at maintain relationship
  • short term charming
  • self enhancment
  • positive in O,X and N
55
Q

Name some features of the dark trait psychopathy:

A
  • Impulsivity & thrill seeking
  • low empathy
  • self-promotion and superiority
  • fail to learn from punishment
  • low on guilt anxiety fear and embarresment
  • Negative correlated to C and N positive correlated to O
56
Q

Describe the overall relationship between workplace and dark traits:

A
  • Machiavellianism and Psychopathy are weakly related to job performance
  • people high on these traits would fake self reporst ->better chance to gain job
  • a little bit helpful
57
Q

How would each of the people solve problems as a leader with an employee ?

A
  • Machiavellians favor manipulation, (soft tactics)
  • Psychopaths favor threat (hard tactics)
  • Narcissists try to use their appearance and charm to influence others.

Personality and individual differences (9 decks)

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