Task 3 Ask leo regarding tarit and psychoanalytic pardigm Flashcards
What are trait paradigm ?
- Structured approaches
- Ex: lexical approach
What are psychodynamic paradigms ?
- Unstructured approach
- Ex: Drawing task
What is the definition od personality trait ? (3part)
- Differences among individuals
- A typical tendency to behave think or feel
- Behave in a common related ways across a variety of time and situations
What are structured personallity inventories ?
- a test of personality in a structured way
- predetermines answers and scores sclaes
- Done by self or observe reports
- Use reverse code items
- test multiple traits via multiple questions
What is reverse coded items ?
- Asking question with “do not “ to avoid people who agree to everything
What are the 3 mayor approaches to meassure personality traits ?
- Empirical approach
- Factor Analysis
- Rational Approach
What is the Empirical approach ? ?
- large number of items that desribe actions thought and feelings / characteristiscs
- structured
- large sample
- extra indicator (such as school grades)
- It is priviously know what will be meassured
- Content of itmes do not matter only the emparical link (correlation) (random question )
What is the criticism on the empirical approach
- fake/coincidental association can occur if sample is not big enough
- extra indicator can be choosen by each measurer which means scores can show variability
What is the factor analysis ?
- no spacific plan
- large sample with lots of question
- sort items together to create groups/dimensions
- Each group represent a trait
- factor loading determines how important something is for a trait from 1 to -1 (high loading can be positive or negative
- If zero then it is not relevant at all
What are the critics on the factor analysis ?
- needs a variety of items otherwise it will meassure only limited traits
- even if traits are diverse no gurantee if the trait is ideal for the purpose
What is the rational approach ?
- Not a lot of items only items which are important for the trait
- Items are collected rationally
- Items are gained by studies
- content plays a role not only correlation
What is the criticsm on the rational approach ?
- Resulting scales can only be as good as the sets of items chosen by the measurer
- Easy to fake
What is the best approach ?
- Best is the rational approach = simple /easy and highest validity and reliability
- But all in all combining all of them is the best
Are self or observer reporst more usefull ?
- most studies are done by self report
- self report and observer report show high correlation -> even higher when there is a family member
- It also depends on characteristics trait
What are the biases for self and observer rport ?
- sometimes more negative undesirable way)
- sometimes more positive or social desirable
What are the impacts of biases regarding self and observer reports ?
- Small impact can get excluded
- But they are allways present
- self and observer report do not need to have the same biases
What is the lexical approach ?
- it is a factor analysis
1. Researcher searches through dictionary to find list of personality-descriptive adjectives
2. Exclude rarely used terms
3. Administer to large sample
4. Calculate correlations to find major categories - first used by cattell
- lexical hypothesis -> people will want to talk about traits that have important consequeces on their life
What is the lexical hypothesis ?
- people will want to talk about traits that they view as having important consequences on their lives
What is the big five ?
- 35 variables found by cattell which could be put in 5 major categories/dimensions -> only english
- Extraversion
- Argeeableness
- Consientiousness
- Emotinally stabillity and neuroticsm
- intellect/imagination
What does extraversion stand for ?
- talktiveness outgoing or shyness quitness
What does Agreeablness stand for ?
- kindness gentle or rudeness
What does Conscientiousness stand for ?
- organisation discipline vs sloppiness or laziness
What does Emotionally stabillity/neuroticism stand for ?
- relaxdness vs moodiness
What does intellect stand for ?
- cretivity vs conventionallity
What is Neo PIR ? Also name critic
A test to study the big five personallity traits but also test 6 subcategories (facets) of each trait
- critic: openess to experience does not take intellect into account
- Agreebalnes contain certain facets which did not corelate to the major factor
Why was the HEXACO important?
- Was developed because the big five only counted for english speaking person
- As well as the technology was not that present at the time so not that many traits could be assessed
What are the 3 sizes of HEXACO’s ?
- 200 question
- 100 question
- 60 question
What are the 6 dimesnions from the HEXACO’S ?
- Honesty / humility
- Agreeablness
- Emotionality
- Conscientiousness
- Extraversion
- Opennes to experinece
What is the difference between the big five and HEXACO ?
- Only Honestly / humility = got added
- neuroticism relted somehow to emotinality but also some other aspects
What are the three personality types ?
- the resilient type: All around type
- the internalizing type: Rather anxcious person
- the externalizing type: aggresive and impulsive person
- but in general soo many different types
What is the rorschach inklobot technique ?
- it is a projective test which means it is unstructured
- Asking people what they see in 10 inklobots
- Inkblots designed to look like one thing in one part but something contradictory in another part (obvoius vs hooks)
- psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both
- used for personality description
What is a typical performance meassure ?
- wide possiblities of reponding with no strong demands
What was the criticism on the Rorschach inkblot ?
- low reliability (not everyone came to same conclusion)
- poor validity (only schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can be meassured
- overdiagnosis of people
- everything is leaked
- norms of ECS is are to inaccurate
What is ESC in combination to Rorschach performance ?
- set of instruction with detailed rules for percieving the Inklobot and for how to interpreted these findings
What are other projective tests ?
- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
- drawing test
What is the hematic Apperception Test (TAT) ?
- make up a story describing the events going on in the picture
- Supposed to show reationship/ attitude to self and other
What are the critics of the TAT ?
- no standard administration test-> low reliability
- overdiagnose
What is the general conclusion regarding approaches.
- projective methods do not give new exsiting insides
- but the combination of all approaches lead to better conclusions
What is the drawing task about ?
- showing sexuell abuse !
