Task 3 Ask leo regarding tarit and psychoanalytic pardigm

Question 1

What are trait paradigm ?

Answer 1

• Structured approaches

- Ex: lexical approach

Question 2

What are psychodynamic paradigms ?

Answer 2

• Unstructured approach

- Ex: Drawing task

Question 3

What is the definition od personality trait ? (3part)

Answer 3

• Differences among individuals
• A typical tendency to behave think or feel
• Behave in a common related ways across a variety of time and situations

Question 4

What are structured personallity inventories ?

Answer 4

• a test of personality in a structured way
• predetermines answers and scores sclaes
• Done by self or observe reports
• Use reverse code items
• test multiple traits via multiple questions

Question 5

What is reverse coded items ?

Answer 5

• Asking question with “do not “ to avoid people who agree to everything

Question 6

What are the 3 mayor approaches to meassure personality traits ?

Answer 6

1. Empirical approach
2. Factor Analysis
3. Rational Approach

Question 7

What is the Empirical approach ? ?

Answer 7

• large number of items that desribe actions thought and feelings / characteristiscs
• structured
• large sample
• extra indicator (such as school grades)
• It is priviously know what will be meassured
• Content of itmes do not matter only the emparical link (correlation) (random question )

Question 8

What is the criticism on the empirical approach

Answer 8

• fake/coincidental association can occur if sample is not big enough
• extra indicator can be choosen by each measurer which means scores can show variability

Question 9

What is the factor analysis ?

Answer 9

• no spacific plan
• large sample with lots of question
• sort items together to create groups/dimensions
• Each group represent a trait
• factor loading determines how important something is for a trait from 1 to -1 (high loading can be positive or negative
• If zero then it is not relevant at all

Question 10

What are the critics on the factor analysis ?

Answer 10

• needs a variety of items otherwise it will meassure only limited traits
• even if traits are diverse no gurantee if the trait is ideal for the purpose

Question 11

What is the rational approach ?

Answer 11

• Not a lot of items only items which are important for the trait
• Items are collected rationally
• Items are gained by studies
• content plays a role not only correlation

Question 12

What is the criticsm on the rational approach ?

Answer 12

• Resulting scales can only be as good as the sets of items chosen by the measurer
• Easy to fake

Question 13

What is the best approach ?

Answer 13

• Best is the rational approach = simple /easy and highest validity and reliability
• But all in all combining all of them is the best

Question 14

Are self or observer reporst more usefull ?

Answer 14

• most studies are done by self report
• self report and observer report show high correlation -> even higher when there is a family member
• It also depends on characteristics trait

Question 15

What are the biases for self and observer rport ?

Answer 15

• sometimes more negative undesirable way)

- sometimes more positive or social desirable

Question 16

What are the impacts of biases regarding self and observer reports ?

Answer 16

• Small impact can get excluded
• But they are allways present
• self and observer report do not need to have the same biases

Question 17

What is the lexical approach ?

Answer 17

• it is a factor analysis
  1. Researcher searches through dictionary to find list of personality-descriptive adjectives
  2. Exclude rarely used terms
  3. Administer to large sample
  4. Calculate correlations to find major categories
• first used by cattell
• lexical hypothesis -> people will want to talk about traits that have important consequeces on their life

Question 18

What is the lexical hypothesis ?

Answer 18

• people will want to talk about traits that they view as having important consequences on their lives

Question 19

What is the big five ?

Answer 19

• 35 variables found by cattell which could be put in 5 major categories/dimensions -> only english
• Extraversion
• Argeeableness
• Consientiousness
• Emotinally stabillity and neuroticsm
• intellect/imagination

Question 20

What does extraversion stand for ?

Answer 20

• talktiveness outgoing or shyness quitness

Question 21

What does Agreeablness stand for ?

Answer 21

• kindness gentle or rudeness

Question 22

What does Conscientiousness stand for ?

Answer 22

• organisation discipline vs sloppiness or laziness

Question 23

What does Emotionally stabillity/neuroticism stand for ?

Answer 23

• relaxdness vs moodiness

Question 24

What does intellect stand for ?

Answer 24

• cretivity vs conventionallity

Question 25

What is Neo PIR ? Also name critic

Answer 25

A test to study the big five personallity traits but also test 6 subcategories (facets) of each trait - critic: openess to experience does not take intellect into account - Agreebalnes contain certain facets which did not corelate to the major factor

Question 26

Why was the HEXACO important?

Answer 26

- Was developed because the big five only counted for english speaking person - As well as the technology was not that present at the time so not that many traits could be assessed

Question 27

What are the 3 sizes of HEXACO's ?

Answer 27

- 200 question - 100 question - 60 question

Question 28

What are the 6 dimesnions from the HEXACO'S ?

Answer 28

1. Honesty / humility 2. Agreeablness 3. Emotionality 4. Conscientiousness 5. Extraversion 6. Opennes to experinece

Question 29

What is the difference between the big five and HEXACO ?

Answer 29

- Only Honestly / humility = got added | - neuroticism relted somehow to emotinality but also some other aspects

Question 30

What are the three personality types ?

Answer 30

- the resilient type: All around type - the internalizing type: Rather anxcious person - the externalizing type: aggresive and impulsive person - but in general soo many different types

Question 31

What is the rorschach inklobot technique ?

Answer 31

- it is a projective test which means it is unstructured - Asking people what they see in 10 inklobots - Inkblots designed to look like one thing in one part but something contradictory in another part (obvoius vs hooks) - psychological interpretation, complex algorithms, or both - used for personality description

Question 32

What is a typical performance meassure ?

Answer 32

- wide possiblities of reponding with no strong demands

Question 33

What was the criticism on the Rorschach inkblot ?

Answer 33

- low reliability (not everyone came to same conclusion) - poor validity (only schizophrenia and bipolar disorder can be meassured - overdiagnosis of people - everything is leaked - norms of ECS is are to inaccurate

Question 34

What is ESC in combination to Rorschach performance ?

Answer 34

- set of instruction with detailed rules for percieving the Inklobot and for how to interpreted these findings

Question 35

What are other projective tests ?

Answer 35

- Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) | - drawing test

Question 36

What is the hematic Apperception Test (TAT) ?

Answer 36

- make up a story describing the events going on in the picture - Supposed to show reationship/ attitude to self and other

Question 37

What are the critics of the TAT ?

Answer 37

- no standard administration test-> low reliability | - overdiagnose

Question 38

What is the general conclusion regarding approaches.

Answer 38

- projective methods do not give new exsiting insides | - but the combination of all approaches lead to better conclusions

Question 39

What is the drawing task about ?

Answer 39

- showing sexuell abuse !