Task 5 What are the traid off regarding Emotionality Flashcards
1
Q
What is the definition of heritability ?
A
- individual differences on the phenotype due to the genotype
2
Q
How do we examine similarities between relatives ?
A
- get a big sample of pairs (siblings)
- use self or observer report
- calculate the over all variation of the trait of interest
- calculate the proportion of variance which is due to within or between family differences
3
Q
What is important assumption regarding examining between relatives ?
A
- All self-reports must be done independently without being influenced by the personality of his or her relatives
- parents should not be more similar to one another then two people picked up randomly (Assortative mating)
4
Q
How is correlation named regarding relatives ?
A
- Intraclass correlation coefficient
5
Q
Why is sometimes difficult to hold the assumption that all self reports must be done independently ?
A
- contrast effect
2. assimilation effect
6
Q
What is the contrast effect ?
A
-Problem when observer or self compares them self to the sibling instead to all the other people
7
Q
What is the assimilation effect ?
A
- similarities between related persons are set as standards of who u are instead of a more individual lvl
8
Q
What is the solution to keep the assumption, all self reports must be done independently, true ?
A
- direct observations
- take someone as an observer who only knows one individual
9
Q
Regarding the second assumption which characteristics are correlated but do not influence the findings ?
A
- beliefs, attitudes, and abilities
10
Q
What would happen if parents would be more correlated to each other then usual ?
A
- heritability is overestimated
11
Q
Does the time in the womb play a role on higher correlation based on shared environment ?
A
- no it does not
- could be assumed due to same nutrition intake
12
Q
What is a very well study to determine heritabilty ?
A
- Adoption studies
13
Q
What is the main goal regarding adoption study ?
A
- If the adoptions take place shortly after birth, = no common experiences in growing up, then similarities between the siblings are due to their genetic similarity
14
Q
What are the two different adoption studies ?
A
- Adoption with being genetically related people but in diff environments = genetic influence
- Adoption with being genetically unrelated people but in same environments = environment influence
15
Q
How do we calculate the correlation regarding MZ Twins ?
A
- Because of the 100% genes in common
- 0.6 correlation = 0.6 correlation in a trait
16
Q
How do we calculate the correlation regarding DZ Twins ?
A
- because they only have 50% of the genes in common we have to double the correlation
- 0.2 correlation in a trait would actually be 0.4
17
Q
What is the limitation to twins studies ?
A
- twins do not represent the entire population -> generalization problem
18
Q
What are disadvantages of adoption studies?
A
- There is a practical disadvantage -> difficult to find large numbers of biological relatives who have been adopted into different families
19
Q
What are biological rate studies ?
A
- study different kinds of biological relatives that have different degrees of relatedness
20
Q
What was the average heritability regarding the big five ?
A
- All 5 factors of the big 5 had an average heritability of 0.5
- based on mathemtical approach even 0,65 heritability
21
Q
What is the additive effect ?
A
- each gene separately contributes to personality -> effects can be added up
- Formula with doubling only applies to additive effect
22
Q
What is the non additive effect ?
A
- it is the combined effect of genes
- more like a network which only work if everything is given
23
Q
What are non shared eonviormental effects ? (name examples)
A
- unique influneces regarding only one sibling
- for example: differnt friend groups/different treatment/birth order
24
Q
Can we calculate the influence of unique non shared enviorment ?
A
- no we can not ! U only take the left over
- 0.60 heritability 0.2 enviorment so the rest is due to uniquness
25
What is the genotype enviorment interaction ?
- same enviorment influences people differently depending on their genotype
26
What are the 3 types of Genotype enviorment correlation ? And name the general definition
Definition: genetic tendencies cause you to be more exposed to a specific kind of environment – and this environment shapes ur personality
- Passive /reactive /Active
27
What is meant by the passive genotype enviorment correlation ?
- without own actions genes will have tendencies to search for certin activities and enviorment
28
What is meant by the reactive genotype enviorment correlation ?
- other peoples’ reactions to the kid’s genetic tendencies end up influencing the environment
- People see that u are good at something so they support it
29
What is meant by the active genotype enviorment correlation ?
- it is about thei own tendency to go on with something where they are good at
30
What are the 3 assumptions of twin studies ?
1. Twins’ early environments are separate (anything till the first year is fine)
2. Adoptive households are different
3. Identical & fraternal twins get the same treatment within their respective families
31
What are some issues regarding the first assumption "Twins’ early environments are separate" ?
- womb environment can be source of shared (twins) and non-shared environmental = (non twins) influences
32
What are some issues regarding the second assumption "Adoptive households are different" ?
- generally addoptive parents are choosen by the same characteristics
- lower levels of antisocial behaviour and of drug abused higher social status
- Also selective placement could play a role
33
What is selective placement ?
- Bringing the adoptive child to a family which show high similarity to the family which he used to grow up with
34
What is the connection between evolution and natural selection ? (four steps)
1. Individuals differ in various charcteristics
2. characteristics are transmitted directly through reproduction from parents to offspring
3. some characteristics determine more offspring
4. in the future those characteristics will be more represented
35
Why are we not all indetical ?
- something counters natural selection
1. Humans way of living (hospitals and safety)
2. mutation
36
What are the theories of why we are not all identical ?
- Fluctuating Optimum
| - Frequency dependency
37
What is the Fluctuating Optimum theory regarding how variations are maintained ?
- It is a balance selection theory
- its says that Ideal levels of a trait vary across places & time
- Average level of a trait within a population shifts up & down in response to a give environment
38
What is the frequency dependence theory regarding how variations are maintained ?
- It is a balances selection theory
| - Advantage of doing what others aren’t doing -> left hand
39
Ho do u overcome natural selection ?
- if u genetics have the inclination (neigung) to be more flexible regarding different situation
40
How does the life history theory explain variation ?
- Each individual has in finite time energy and budges
- each person divides there energy differntly
- trade off
- high work = less socialicatio
41
How does costly signalling theory explain variation ?
- Individuals compete with one another in sending signals to others about their quality as a mate or friend
- dependng on the signals u send that is how ur life personality is
42
How does mutation load explain variation ?
- counter part of natural selection
| - mutations are more likely to be dysfunctional than enhance reproductive success.
43
What is the mutauion selection balance ?
- mutational effects enter the population equals the rate at which they are removed
44
What are the trade offs having a high honesty humility factor ? (and what does it stand for )
Definition: Alturistic and fair behviour also modesty
- Benefits: high cooperation no aggresion and mutual help from others
- Coast: could be that some take adventage of you
45
What are the trade offs having a high Agreebalness factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: tolerance and forgivness
- Benefits: high cooperation no aggresion and mutual help from others
- Coast: could be that some take adventage of you
46
What are the trade offs having a high emotionality factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: fearfulness and sentimentallity
- Benefits: via avoiding harm -> high on relative survival
- Coast: loos of greater gains as a result of danger
47
What are the trade offs having a high Extraversion factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: high on socialbility
- Benefit: Having many friends /mates
- Coast: low on energy and time cause of attention seeking
48
What are the trade offs having a high consciensciousness factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: Organization and perfectionsim
- Benefit: Material gains (good paid job = money)
- Coast: low on Energy and time
49
What are the trade offs having a high oppenes to experience factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: creativity idea related task work and appreciation
- Benefit: Material (discover new things) and social gains
- Coast: low on energy and time and also being disliked fo new uncommon ideas
50
By which factors are characteristics determined ?
- More by genetic then shared enviorment influence
51
What has an higer impact on ur mental ability ? Genes or enviormental influence ?
- Early in life: enviormental influnce
| - later in life: genes -> enviormental factor drops nearly to zero
52
What is assortative meating ?
- people mate more often with people that have similar phenotypes
