Task 5 What are the traid off regarding Emotionality Flashcards
What is the definition of heritability ?
- individual differences on the phenotype due to the genotype
How do we examine similarities between relatives ?
- get a big sample of pairs (siblings)
- use self or observer report
- calculate the over all variation of the trait of interest
- calculate the proportion of variance which is due to within or between family differences
What is important assumption regarding examining between relatives ?
- All self-reports must be done independently without being influenced by the personality of his or her relatives
- parents should not be more similar to one another then two people picked up randomly (Assortative mating)
How is correlation named regarding relatives ?
- Intraclass correlation coefficient
Why is sometimes difficult to hold the assumption that all self reports must be done independently ?
- contrast effect
2. assimilation effect
What is the contrast effect ?
-Problem when observer or self compares them self to the sibling instead to all the other people
What is the assimilation effect ?
- similarities between related persons are set as standards of who u are instead of a more individual lvl
What is the solution to keep the assumption, all self reports must be done independently, true ?
- direct observations
- take someone as an observer who only knows one individual
Regarding the second assumption which characteristics are correlated but do not influence the findings ?
- beliefs, attitudes, and abilities
What would happen if parents would be more correlated to each other then usual ?
- heritability is overestimated
Does the time in the womb play a role on higher correlation based on shared environment ?
- no it does not
- could be assumed due to same nutrition intake
What is a very well study to determine heritabilty ?
- Adoption studies
What is the main goal regarding adoption study ?
- If the adoptions take place shortly after birth, = no common experiences in growing up, then similarities between the siblings are due to their genetic similarity
What are the two different adoption studies ?
- Adoption with being genetically related people but in diff environments = genetic influence
- Adoption with being genetically unrelated people but in same environments = environment influence
How do we calculate the correlation regarding MZ Twins ?
- Because of the 100% genes in common
- 0.6 correlation = 0.6 correlation in a trait
How do we calculate the correlation regarding DZ Twins ?
- because they only have 50% of the genes in common we have to double the correlation
- 0.2 correlation in a trait would actually be 0.4
What is the limitation to twins studies ?
- twins do not represent the entire population -> generalization problem
What are disadvantages of adoption studies?
- There is a practical disadvantage -> difficult to find large numbers of biological relatives who have been adopted into different families
What are biological rate studies ?
- study different kinds of biological relatives that have different degrees of relatedness
What was the average heritability regarding the big five ?
- All 5 factors of the big 5 had an average heritability of 0.5
- based on mathemtical approach even 0,65 heritability
What is the additive effect ?
- each gene separately contributes to personality -> effects can be added up
- Formula with doubling only applies to additive effect
What is the non additive effect ?
- it is the combined effect of genes
- more like a network which only work if everything is given
What are non shared eonviormental effects ? (name examples)
- unique influneces regarding only one sibling
- for example: differnt friend groups/different treatment/birth order
Can we calculate the influence of unique non shared enviorment ?
- no we can not ! U only take the left over
- 0.60 heritability 0.2 enviorment so the rest is due to uniquness
What is the genotype enviorment interaction ?
- same enviorment influences people differently depending on their genotype
What are the 3 types of Genotype enviorment correlation ? And name the general definition
Definition: genetic tendencies cause you to be more exposed to a specific kind of environment – and this environment shapes ur personality
- Passive /reactive /Active
What is meant by the passive genotype enviorment correlation ?
- without own actions genes will have tendencies to search for certin activities and enviorment
What is meant by the reactive genotype enviorment correlation ?
- other peoples’ reactions to the kid’s genetic tendencies end up influencing the environment
- People see that u are good at something so they support it
What is meant by the active genotype enviorment correlation ?
- it is about thei own tendency to go on with something where they are good at
What are the 3 assumptions of twin studies ?
- Twins’ early environments are separate (anything till the first year is fine)
- Adoptive households are different
- Identical & fraternal twins get the same treatment within their respective families
What are some issues regarding the first assumption “Twins’ early environments are separate” ?
- womb environment can be source of shared (twins) and non-shared environmental = (non twins) influences
What are some issues regarding the second assumption “Adoptive households are different” ?
- generally addoptive parents are choosen by the same characteristics
- lower levels of antisocial behaviour and of drug abused higher social status
- Also selective placement could play a role
What is selective placement ?
- Bringing the adoptive child to a family which show high similarity to the family which he used to grow up with
What is the connection between evolution and natural selection ? (four steps)
- Individuals differ in various charcteristics
- characteristics are transmitted directly through reproduction from parents to offspring
- some characteristics determine more offspring
- in the future those characteristics will be more represented
Why are we not all indetical ?
- something counters natural selection
1. Humans way of living (hospitals and safety)
2. mutation
What are the theories of why we are not all identical ?
- Fluctuating Optimum
- Frequency dependency
What is the Fluctuating Optimum theory regarding how variations are maintained ?
- It is a balance selection theory
- its says that Ideal levels of a trait vary across places & time
- Average level of a trait within a population shifts up & down in response to a give environment
What is the frequency dependence theory regarding how variations are maintained ?
- It is a balances selection theory
- Advantage of doing what others aren’t doing -> left hand
Ho do u overcome natural selection ?
- if u genetics have the inclination (neigung) to be more flexible regarding different situation
How does the life history theory explain variation ?
- Each individual has in finite time energy and budges
- each person divides there energy differntly
- trade off
- high work = less socialicatio
How does costly signalling theory explain variation ?
- Individuals compete with one another in sending signals to others about their quality as a mate or friend
- dependng on the signals u send that is how ur life personality is
How does mutation load explain variation ?
- counter part of natural selection
- mutations are more likely to be dysfunctional than enhance reproductive success.
What is the mutauion selection balance ?
- mutational effects enter the population equals the rate at which they are removed
What are the trade offs having a high honesty humility factor ? (and what does it stand for )
Definition: Alturistic and fair behviour also modesty
- Benefits: high cooperation no aggresion and mutual help from others
- Coast: could be that some take adventage of you
What are the trade offs having a high Agreebalness factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: tolerance and forgivness
- Benefits: high cooperation no aggresion and mutual help from others
- Coast: could be that some take adventage of you
What are the trade offs having a high emotionality factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: fearfulness and sentimentallity
- Benefits: via avoiding harm -> high on relative survival
- Coast: loos of greater gains as a result of danger
What are the trade offs having a high Extraversion factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: high on socialbility
- Benefit: Having many friends /mates
- Coast: low on energy and time cause of attention seeking
What are the trade offs having a high consciensciousness factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: Organization and perfectionsim
- Benefit: Material gains (good paid job = money)
- Coast: low on Energy and time
What are the trade offs having a high oppenes to experience factor ? (and what does it stand for )
- Definition: creativity idea related task work and appreciation
- Benefit: Material (discover new things) and social gains
- Coast: low on energy and time and also being disliked fo new uncommon ideas
By which factors are characteristics determined ?
- More by genetic then shared enviorment influence
What has an higer impact on ur mental ability ? Genes or enviormental influence ?
- Early in life: enviormental influnce
- later in life: genes -> enviormental factor drops nearly to zero
What is assortative meating ?
- people mate more often with people that have similar phenotypes
