Task 7- Groups

Question 1

Common-bond groups

Answer 1

based upon attachment among members

-> group goals= more salient
• group provides important source of identity

Question 2

Common-identity groups

Answer 2

based on direct attachments to the group

-> personal goals= more salient than group goals

Question 3

Social facilitation

Answer 3

improvement in performance that are well-learnt
and a deterioration in performance of poorly learnt tasks
in mere presence of audience

Question 4

drive theory

Answer 4

physical presence of members of the same species instinctively causes arousal that motivates performance of habitual behaviour patterns

Question 5

Evaluation apprehension model

Answer 5

physical presence of members of the same species causes drive
because people have learnt to be apprehensive about being evaluated

Question 6

distraction-conflict theory

Answer 6

physical presence of people is distracting and produces conflict between attending to the task and attending to the audience

Question 7

Ringelman behaviour

Answer 7

Individual effort on a task diminishes as group size increases

Question 8

Social loafing

Answer 8

reduction in individual effort when working on a collective task

Question 9

free rider effect

Answer 9

gaining benefits of group membership by avoiding costly obligations of membership
and by allowing other members to incur those costs

Question 10

Cohesiveness

Answer 10

property of a group that affectively binds people, as group members, to one another and to the group as a whole
giving the group a sense of solidarity and oneness

Question 11

Group socialisation (5 steps)

Answer 11

1) Forming
-> orientation & familiarisation stage
2) storming
-> conflict stage (member work together through
disagreements about goals)
3) norming
-> consensus,cohesion & sense of common
identity

4) performing
- > period in which group works as unit

5) adjourning
- > group dissolves

Question 12

Correspondence bias

Answer 12

tendency to see behaviour as reflecting (corresponding to) stable underlying personality attributes

Question 13

Expectation states theory

Answer 13

theory of the emergence (auftauchen) of roles as a consequence of people’s status-based expectations about others’ performance

->a medical doctor will be better able than others to promote the group’s goals

Question 14

Task taxonomy

3 clasifications of group tasks

Answer 14

1) whether division of labour is possible
2) whether there are predetermined standard to be met
3) how an individual’s input can contribute

Question 15

Uncertainty-identity theory

Answer 15

people identify with groups that are:
distinctive, clearly defined & have consensual norms

-> to reduce uncertainty & feel mor comfortable about who one is

Question 16

Ostracism

Answer 16

Exclusion from a group by common consent

Causes & consequences
• social pain
• lack of feeling of meaningful existence
• one can feel ostracized through many things

Question 17

Form of leadership

3

Answer 17

• > democratic
• > autocratic
• > laissez-faire

Question 18

great person theory

Answer 18

perspective on leadership that attributes effective leadership to innate or acquired individual characteristics

Question 19

Leader behaviour description questionnaire

LBDQ

Answer 19

scale to measure leadership behaviour and distinguish between “initiating structure” and “consideration” dimensions

Question 20

Contingency theories

Answer 20

theories of leadership that consider the leadership effectiveness of particular behaviours or behavioural styles to be contingent on the nature of the leadership situation

Question 21

Least-preferred co-worker scale

LPC

Answer 21

scale for measuring leadership style in terms of favour ability of attitude towards one’s least preferred co-worker

Question 22

Normative decision theory

NDT

Answer 22

a contingency theory of leadership that focuses on the effectiveness of different leadership styles in group decision-making contexts

Question 23

Leader-member exchange theory

LMX

Answer 23

theory of leadership in which effective leadership rests on the ability of the leader to develop good-quality personalised exchange relationships with individual members

Question 24

Transformational leadership

Answer 24

approach to leadership that focuses on the way that leaders transform group goals and actions
- mainly through the exercise of charisma

Question 25

Charismatic leadership

Answer 25

leadership style based upon the leader’s (perceived) possession of charisma

Question 26

Social identity theory of leadership

Answer 26

in salient groups prototypical leaders are more effective

than less prototypical leaders

Question 27

illusion of group effectivity

Answer 27

experience-based belief that we produce more and better ideas in groups

Question 28

Transactive memory

Answer 28

group members have a shared memory for who within the group remembers what and is teh expert on what

Question 29

Group polarisation

Answer 29

tendency for group discussion to produce more extreme group decisions than the mean of members’ pre-discussion opinions, in the direction favoured by the mean

Question 30

effective leader

Answer 30

matter of right combination of personal characteristics & situational requirement