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Critical thinking > Task 5.2 > Flashcards

Task 5.2 Flashcards

1
Q

What was the originally tool for gaining knowledge ? And by who was it found ?

A
  • Deductive reasoning

- Plato

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2
Q

Who made the first distinction between indcutive and deductive reasoning ?

A
  • Aristotle (but still gave more attention to deductive)
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3
Q

What is meant by deductive reasoning ?

A
  • form of reasoning in which one starts from known statements and deduces new conclusions
  • Example: ‘No children younger than 6 months talk, Harriet is a child younger than 6 months, therefore Harriet does not talk’
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4
Q

What is meant by inductive reasoning ?

A
  • Inductive reasoning, on the other hand, is a form of reasoning in which likely conclusions are drawn on the basis of a series of converging observations
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5
Q

Name the core belief of inductive reasoning ?

A
  • observations rather than personal opinions can be controlled and replicated by others
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6
Q

What is meant by the logical positivism ?

A
  • identified verification as the core principle of the scientific method
  • it is scientific only if it can be verified as true/false through value free observation
  • Verificationism
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7
Q

What are three of the core beliefs of logical positivism ?

A
  • philosophy should abandon its metaphysical questions
  • used demacration criteria
  • Deductive reasoning was only used regarding think which were already known
  • Observation -> induction -> verification
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8
Q

What is meant by demacration criteria ?

A
  • observations need a set of criteria which need to be ahistorical (applicable at all time) and are universal
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9
Q

What is meant by the correspondance theory of truth ?

A
  • the assumption of a direct relationship between reality and perception
  • used by logical positvism
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10
Q

What are the cons of logical positvism?

A
  • Perception is more than sensing isolated facts it involves interpretation to understand
  • It is about background knowlede and unobservable varaiables
  • Knowledge can’t be produced from facts alone
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11
Q

What was poppers theory regarding logic ?

A
  • Identified logic via falsification
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12
Q

What is meant by falsification ?

A

scientific theories are different from non-scientific theories becuase scientific theories are falsifiable

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13
Q

What is meant by the degree of falsiability ?

A
  • the more falsifiable (dependent on level of detail) a theory the better the theory is
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14
Q

What is meant by the Hypothetico deductive method ?

A
  • science better considered as the formulation of theories
  • uses inductive reasoning and deductive reasoning (educated guessing) to formulate theories which could be then falsified (trial and error)
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15
Q

Why is it so difficult to use falsification ?

A
  • because of the conformaton bias
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16
Q

What is the conformation bias ?

A
  • The tendency people have to search for evidence that confirms their opinions
17
Q

What were the problems with poppers theory ?

A
  • Popper’s insistence on replacing falsified theories by bold alternatives as soon as they are falsified doesn’t agree with scientific practice which seems too radical
  • many scientist cheated with ad hoc modification
18
Q

What is meant by ad hoc modifications ?

A
  • modifiaction which make the arguments less falsifiable

- usually from a very detailed theory to a more broader one

19
Q

What is meant by kuhns scientific theory ?

A
  • Supports poppers idea that there has to be a priority on the theory instead of a priority on observation
  • it is an ongoing cycle
    1. Pre science 2. normal science 3. crisis 4. revolution…
20
Q

According to kuhn: What is meant by pre science ?

A
  • unorganised facts, observations and models

- Later In this stage a paradigm will be formed which bring the frame work together

21
Q

According to kuhn: What is meant by normal science ?

A
  • scientists solve puzzles within the existing paradigm and defend the paradigm against others who question
  • stage of falsification
  • modification are also done during the stage
22
Q

According to kuhn: What is meant by crisis ?

A
  • During crises = unexplained observations (anomalies show up)
  • Ad hoc modification show up
  • similar to pre science phase
  • searching for alternatives
23
Q

According to kuhn: What is meant by revolution ?

A
  • from degernerative research programme to progressive research programm
  • > leads to a paradigm shft
24
Q

What is meant degernerative research programme ?

A
  • theory lags behind data
  • a paradigm that does not allow researchers to make new predictions and that requires an increasing number of ad hoc modifications to account for the empirical findings
  • By lakatos
25
Q

What is meant by progressive research programme ?

A
  • theory keeps ahead of data
  • a paradigm that allows researchers to make new, unexpected predictions that can be tested empirically
  • by lakatos
26
Q

What are some cons regarding kuhn ?

A
  • Never endling cycle -> paradigm shifts not necessarily better, just different (can it be considered progress?)
  • controversy between idealism and realism (kuhn said it was all about idealism and scientist stated that it is about realism)
27
Q

What is meant by Idealism ?

A
  • the world as we know it is a construction of the mind

- human knowledge does not correspond to reality

28
Q

What is meant by realism ?

A
  • Scientists claim they were discovering the physical reality
  • human knowledge corresponds to the reality
29
Q

What is meant by postmodernist ?

A
  • someone who questions the special status of science and sees scientific explanations as stories told by a particular group of scientists
  • critic on popper and kuhn because they would be subjective
30
Q

What is meant by the science war ?

A
  • debate between scientists and postmodernists
31
Q

What is meant by the pragmatism view ?

A
  • human knowledge is information about how to cope with the world
  • knowledge arises from the interactions of the individual with the world
  • a claim is true if and only if it is useful
32
Q

What is meant by the method of tenacity ? (Explains gathering knowledge by the pragmatism)

A
  • knowledge based on tradition

- most primitive

33
Q

What is meant by the Method of authority ? (Explains gathering knowledge by the pragmatism)

A
  • knowledge gained via opinions formed by consulting experts
34
Q

What is meant by the Priori method ? (Explains gathering knowledge by the pragmatism)

A
  • knowledge gained via deductive reasoning, intuition and logic
35
Q

What is meant by the Scientific method ? (Explains gathering knowledge by the pragmatism)

A
  • knowledge is gained via scientific research
36
Q

Talk to someone about lakatos !!! CORE BELT

A
  • Find in word document of course

Critical thinking (9 decks)

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