Task 2 Flashcards
What are signal words indicating consequences or conclusions ?
- So
- Accordingly
- We can deduce that
- Therefore
- Indicates that
- Entails that
- Hence
- It follows that
- Implies that
- Whence
- Demonstrates that
- Leads us to believe that
- Thus (not always)
- Proves that
- For this reason
- Consequently
- Then
- wherefore
- we may conclude
- we may infer
- it must be that
- As a result
What are the signal words indicating premises or reasons ?
- Because
- Firstly…
- Owing to the fact that
- Since (not always)
- On the grounds that
- On the assumption that
- For (not always)
- As indicated by
- On the supposition that
- May be inferred from
- Is implied by the view that
- Being as
- Follows from
- Whereas
- In as much as
- May be deduced from
- For the reason that
- In the light of the fact that
- Since
- given that / for the reason that
What is meant by a deductive argument ?
- It is an Argument which states that = it is impossible for the premises to be true and the conclusion false
- from general to specific
- can be either right(valid) or wrong(invalid)
- and is used in mathemtaics and by definitions
What is meant by a inductive argument ?
- It is an Argument which states that = it is improbable (unwahrscehinlich) that the premises be true and the conclusion false
- Can be either strong or weak
Name some indicator words regarding deductive arguments:
- necessarily , ‘certainly,’’ ‘‘absolutely,’’ and ‘‘definitely.’’
Name some indicator words regarding inductive arguments:
- probably ‘improbable,’’ ‘‘plausible,’’ ‘‘implausible,’’ ‘‘likely,’’ ‘‘unlikely,’’ and ‘‘reasonable to conclude.
What are not arguments ?
- question
- Piece of advice
- statment of belief and oppinion
- command
- warnings
- Expository passage
- illustrations
- explanation
What is a dispute ?
- A claim to which several reasons and objections are linked.
What is a counterargument ?
- You have one contantion
- And u have a objection and a reason on the same lvl
Which rule do we use to identify a premise ?
- Use “because or Therefore “ in order to identfy a premis or concluison
- Because = premise
- Therefore = conclusion
What do we have to be aware of regarding “if then” statements ?
- They allway must be constructed in a single claim
- They can not be splited up in a Co premise !!
What is the definition of a statement ?
- A sentence that can be either true or false
- It conatins a truth value
What is so tricky regarding non arguments ? And what do u have to be aware of ?
- They can have premises and a conclsuion but still lack on evidence !!
What is the definition of a “expository passage” regarding non arguments ?
- It starts of with a topic sentecse followed by one or more sentece that only devlope the topic
What is the definition of a “illustrations” regarding non arguments ?
- Those are examples and not arguments
What is the definition of a “explanations” regarding non arguments ?
- only shed light on the explained event but does not prove it
What is meant by a extensional definition ?
- is one that assigns a meaning to a term by indicating the members of the class
What is meant by a intensional definition ?
- is one that assigns a meaning to a word by indicating the qualities or attributes that the word connotes
What is meant by a a lexical definition ?
- reporting the meaning that a word already has in a language
What is meant by a stipulative definition ?
- giving a meaning to a word for the first time or replacing an old one
What is meant by sound argument ?
Valid argument + All true premises = Sound argument
- Deductive reasoning
What is meant by cogent argument ?
Strong argument + All true premises = cogent argument
- inductive reasoning
