Task 1 Flashcards
Maps Locational/ Directional Structure?
In the northwest corner/area of the city
Passive: To the south of the river
The school was situated in the northwest corner of the city
Active: There was an airport to the south of the lake
Maps Destruction structure?
The school was demolished/ knocked down (P)
The airport disappeared (A)
Maps New construction structure?
Skyscrapers were constructed/ erected (P)
There was a construction of a new hospital (A)
Maps replacement structure?
S was + demolished to make way for something/ replaced by something/ built and replaced something
Maps extended structure?
S was extended (P)
The school became bigger (A)
Maps narrow structure?
The school was narrowed (P)
The car park became smaller (A)
Maps moving structure?
The stadium was relocated to the north
Maps remaining structure?
The airport still existed/ remained (A)
Maps Introduction Sentence?
The maps illustrate a number of important changes which took place in … during a 10-year period.
Maps overview Sentence?
It is clear that the town has been/ was transformed and modernized after the constructions of several facilities.
Note:
construction: big map, the setting (library/ art gallery/ supermarket): small map.
Maps transitional words?
Overview: It is clear that …
Body 1: As can be seen from the left of something
Body 2: Looking at the opposite side
Similarly, meanwhile, while, also, at the same time/ In contrast/ By contrast
Maps describing changes the building/ high-rise structures?
- constructed/ erected -> the power plant was constructed to the east of the mine.
- Renovated ->the university library was completely renovated.
- Converted, transformed (into something) -> the playground was converted into a large car park
- replaced (by something) -> the garden was replaced by a large car park
- Relocated (to somewhere) -> The student hall was relocated to the east of the university.
- Extended -> The hotel was greatly extended to a total of 70 rooms.
- Demolished/ knocked down -> The warehouse was demolished and replaced by a garage.
Maps describing changes Trees/ Forest?
- Chopped down/ demolished/ cleared to make way for -> The forest on the western end of the island was chopped down to make way for a hotel
- planted -> Many palms were planted around the villa.
Map Bridge, port, road, railway, etc
- Constructed/ erected -> A bridge across the river was erected.
- Extended/ widened -> The main road was widened to meet the increasing demand.
- Reopened -> The old railway alongside the river has been reopened.
Maps describing changes Amenities*
- Set up, established -> A new theme park was opened just opposite the shopping mall.
- Developed, expanded -> The cinema was rapidly expanded..
Maps Directional languages
- North/ North-east/ North-west South/ South-east/ South-west East West.
- Top/ right-hand side/ bottom/ left-hand side/ top left-hand corner/ top right-hand corner/ bottom left-hand corner / bottom right-hand corner.
Timecharts how many Up words?
V/ N to rise/ A rise to increase/ an increase to grow/ growth to surge/ surge to soar/ -- to go up/ upward trend
Timecharts how many Down words?
V/ N decrease/ decrease decline/ decline fall/ fall drop/ drop --/ downward trend
Timecharts how many Stability words?
V remain/ stay stable remain/ stay unchanged stabilize N stability
Timecharts how many Variation in a period of time words?
V/ N
fluctuate/ fluctuation
Timecharts highest/ lowest words?
- hit the highest point of … / reach a peak of …/ reach a record high of…
- hit the lowest point of … / hit a low of …
Timecharts week or strong words?
adj from the weak to strong:
Minimal -> slight -> gradual -> moderate -> significant -> considerable -> substantial -> sharp -> dramatic.
More or less than a number or amount?
about = nearly = approximately = close to = roughly = roundly = around.
just under/ well under/ just over/ well over.
Timecharts 4 special structures for describing changes?
- Starting at XXX in year?, S + Ved…(trend 1) before V-ing ….+ XXX in the last year (trend 2).
- As for S, it began at XXX in the first year, and then Ved…(trend 1), but later + Ved…XXX in the last year (trend 2).
- S…stood at XXX in the first year. This figure, which + Ved (trend 1), Ved (trend 2).
- S + V + O (XXX in the first year) after which the figure + Ved (trend 1), followed by a + adj + noun (trend 2).
Note: respectively.
4 basic sentence structures?
Structure 1: The number of ZIM students increased significantly to 2,000 in 2016.
Structure 2: There was a significant increase of 500 in the number of ZIM students in 2016.
Structure 3: The number of ZIM students witnessed a significant increase of 500 in 2016.
Structure 4: A significant increase of 500 was seen in the number of ZIM students in 2016.
How to use at/ to/ by/ of to describe numbers/ percentage?
- AT: stand at + số liệu/ remain stable/remained the same at + số liệu
- To: (verb) increase/decrease to + số liệu
(noun) an increase/decrease to + số liệu - By: (verb) increase/ decrease by. tang them bao nhieu?
- Of: (noun) an increase/decrease of + số liệu: tang them gia di bao nhieu.
Reach a peak/reach the highest point of + số liệu
hit a low/hit the lowest point of + số liệu - Around/ between ..and…
fluctuate/a fluctuation around + số liệu
fluctuate/a fluctuation between… and….:
Timecharts Structure describes past and future?
Example: the line graph illustrates the average number of UL travellers using three different means of transport daily from 1970 and prediction till 2030.
- Try to describe each line from the first year to the past year next to the present = past tense.
- From the present to the future = is estimated to … / is predicted to … / is forecasted to …
Transition words?
- Similarly, likewise
- In addition, also
- Meanwhile, at the same time.
- In contrast/ by contrast.
- For paragraph:
1. Overall: It is clear that …
2. Paragraph 1: As can be seen from the graph
3. Paragraph 2: Looking at the graph for more detail/ On the other hand.
comparisioncharts languages of comparison?
- Comparatives:
adj: he is slower than me
adv: he runs more slowly than I do
quantifier: he has less money than I do. - Superlatives:
adj: he is the slowest runner
adv: he runs the slowest among the runners.
quantifier: he has the least money - As .. as
adj: he is as slow as me
adv: he runs as slowly as I do.
quantifier: he has as many cars as I do
comparisoncharts comparison combos
- combo 1. the amount of money which was spent on cars in France stood at about 400$, /
.. which was significantly higher than that of computers
.. almost/ over two times higher than that of computers. - combo 2. (S = so lieu )About $400 was spent on cars in France/ there was about $400 which was spent on cars in France +
… compared to/ in comparison with/ as opposed to $370 on computers. - combo 3.
1. France spent $400 on cars.
2. Residents in France spent $400 on cars.
3. Cars were spent $400 in France.
4. Money spent on cars in France accounted for/ made up 80% of total spending (only use for %)
, while/ whereas the figure for computers was slightly lower, at roughly $370. - combo 4.
use: counterparts
1. While VNese people spent $10 on X, Japanese counterparts used $15 for this item.
2. About 230 students studied Finance, while/ whereas nearly 170 counterparts attended Accounting. - combo 5.
The figure for S1 was relatively/ exactly similar at XXX each.
Processing Transitional words for processing
Two types of sequencing languages - Type 1. Before - After Firstly - Then - Next - ... - Finally. After/before Following/ Followed by Once Subsequent/ Subsequently Having + verb participle - Type 2. Things happening at the same time. During Thereby While/ at the same time - For paragraph: P1: As can be seen from the process P2: Looking at the remaining step
Processing How are many processing questions we have?
Two:
Natural processes
Artificial processes.
Processing How many ways to improve processing writing?
3.
- Mixing passive and active sentences.
- Use simple tense.
- Using transitional words: Sequencing - firstly, next, after that
Processing Two ways to write an introduction?
- (the question is Passive): The diagram/ illustration/ process presents/ illustrates how to V + S (doi tuong).
- (the question is Active): The diagram/ illustration/ process presents/ illustrates how + S (doi tuong) + to be + Ved + modifier.
Processing Write overview?
Overall, it is clear that there are X main stages in this process starting with ___ and ending with ___
Processing How to describe a process?
Active:
This process continues with packing these cell phones in boxes and delivering them to shops.
Passive:
1. S + V before being Ved -> Next, these cell phones are packaged in boxes before being delivered to shops.
2. Prior to being Ved, S+V -> Prior to being delivered to shops, these cell phones are packaged in boxes.
3. Once/ When S+V, S+V -> Once/ When these cell phones are packaged in boxes, they are delivered to shops.
4. Describing steps -> This is followed by … noun phrase …, where S+V -> This is followed by the packaging, where these cell phones are packaged in boxes.
Processing bonding structure
Introduce. 1 sen
Overview. 1 sen.
Paragraph 1. half of the process.
Paragraph 2. the remaining of the process.
