ideas for writing ielts Flashcards
Advertising Positives of Advertising
Advertising is a key part of modern business.
Companies need to tell customers about their products.
Advertisements inform us about the choices we have.
Advertising is a creative industry that employs many people.
Without advertising we would have less choice.
Without advertising there would be higher unemployment.
Advertising is a form of modern art.
People enjoy adverts.
Advertising Negatives of Advertising
Advertising manipulates people.
It aims to persuade people that buying a product will make them happier.
Advertisers focus on selling a brand image.
They use glamorous, successful people.
We now live in a consumer culture.
We are persuaded to follow the latest trends.
We are encouraged to associate certain brands with a higher status.
Advertisers often aim their marketing at children.
Children can easily be influenced by advertisements.
Children put pressure on parents to buy them things.
Advertising Opinions about Advertising
Advertising should be regulated.
Advertising aimed at children should be controlled or even banned.
Unhealthy foods should not be marketed in a way that attracts children.
Products that can be a risk to health should display warnings.
In some countries it is illegal to advertise cigarettes on television.
Warnings must be displayed on cigarette packets.
However, advertising is necessary in free market economies.
It creates demand for products.
Governments should only censor false information or products that are harmful.
Animal Rights Arguments for Animal Testing
Arguments for Animal Testing
Animals are used in important scientific research.
It is necessary to do medical tests on new drugs.
Animal testing helps to advance medical and scientific knowledge.
Many important medical discoveries involved experimentation on animals.
Researchers aim to minimise the suffering that animals experience.
Testing for the cosmetics industry is now banned in many countries.
Animal Rights Arguments against Animal Testing
The benefits of research using animals do not justify the suffering caused.
There are alternative methods of research.
The lives of animals should be respected.
Humans have no moral right to do experiments on animals.
Animal Rights Arguments for Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat foods that are produced by killing animals.
Many people choose a vegetarian diet for moral or health reasons.
A healthy diet is possible without eating meat.
It is unnecessary to kill animals for food.
A vegetarian diet may reduce the risk of diseases like cancer.
Many people question the treatment of animals in factory farms.
Animal Rights Arguments against Vegetarianism
Vegetarians do not eat a balanced diet.
In many cultures, meat is the main ingredient in traditional meals. Meat-eaters argue that animals are below humans in the food chain. It is completely natural for us to kill them for food.
Our aim should be to improve farming methods.
Farms should produce organic food.
Animal Rights Positives of Zoos
Zoos play an important role in wildlife conservation.
They can help to protect endangered species.
Zoos allow scientists to study animals and their behaviour.
Zoos are educational, interesting and fun.
Children, in particular, enjoy learning about animals.
Zoos provide job opportunities.
Animal Rights Negatives of Zoos
Zoo animals are kept in artificial environments.
They are kept in cages or have limited space.
Zoo animals rely on humans.
They lose the freedom to hunt for food.
The best way to save endangered species is by protecting natural habitats. Some people believe that zoos are unethical.
Zoos exhibit animals with the aim of making money.
We have no right to use animals for entertainment and profit.
Cities Reasons for Urbanisation
People move to cities in search of job opportunities.
Cities offer greater employment possibilities and a higher standard of living.
People migrate to cities from the countryside.
Traditional activities like farming need fewer workers nowadays.
Cities Negatives of City Life
Life in cities has its drawbacks.
The cost of living is higher than in rural areas.
Some people do not manage to find work.
Housing is usually much more expensive.
Homelessness and poverty are common in cities.
There is a gap between the rich and poor.
Life in cities can be extremely stressful.
There are problems like traffic congestion and crime.
Cities lack a sense of community.
People do not even know their neighbours.
Cities are sometimes described as “concrete jungles”.
Cities Pedestrian Areas
Pedestrian zones in city centres can improve the local environment.
Banning cars encourages people to walk or cycle.
Many European cities have built bicycle lanes.
Dependence on cars is linked to health problems like obesity.
People who walk or cycle regularly are generally healthier.
Pedestrian areas are safer and more attractive for both residents and tourists.
Crime Police and Crime Prevention
The job of the police is to catch criminals.
They must also prevent crime and make communities safer.
There should be an increase in the number of police officers on the streets.
Police officers should be seen as part of the community.
They should be involved with education and prevention.
The police should be in close contact with schools.
They should focus on young people who have dropped out of school.
These teenagers may become involved with gangs.
Crime Punishments / Prisons
Fines are used as punishment for minor crimes.
If the crime is more serious, prison is the most common punishment.
Some criminals pose a threat to society.
They are put in prison to ensure the safety of other citizens
Crime Negatives of Prisons
Criminals are put together.
They make friends with other offenders.
Many prisoners re-offend when they are released.
A criminal record makes finding a job more difficult.
Crime Rehabilitation
Another aim of prisons is rehabilitation.
Prisoners receive education or vocational training.
Prisoners should learn personal skills and specific job skills.
Punishment could make prisoners’ behaviour worse.
Rehabilitation aims to make them better citizens.
Rehabilitated prisoners are less likely to re-offend.
Crime Capital Punishment
Supporters say that capital punishment deters crime.
Fear of the death penalty stops people from committing offences. The death penalty shows that crime is not tolerated.
It is a form of revenge.
The cost of imprisonment is avoided.
The offender cannot pose a threat to others.
Crime Against Capital Punishment
Innocent people could be wrongly convicted and executed.
Crime rates are not necessarily reduced.
Many criminals do not think they will be caught.
Capital punishment is not a good deterrent.
Executing prisoners creates a violent culture and encourages revenge. We have no right to take another human life.
Crime Community Service
Community service is a way to reform offenders.
It could be a solution to prison overcrowding.
It avoids the cost of imprisonment.
It makes offenders useful in their local communities.
They are required to clean streets or talk to school groups. Offenders repay their community.
They avoid the negative influence that prison can have.
Crime Against Community Service
Community service is not a sufficient punishment.
Criminals should be locked up, away from their victims.
Crime Crime in the Media
Crime is one of the main subjects of most news programmes.
The mass media focus on violent and sensational crimes.
This leads to fear of crime among the public.
Sensational stories attract more viewers or readers.
The media report crime stories in order to increase their audience.
Education Benefits of Education
Education gives people knowledge and skills.
People with qualifications are more likely to find work.
They can earn a higher salary.
They can contribute positively to society.
Schools aim to teach young people moral values such as tolerance and sharing.
Schools prepare children to be members of a society.
Benefits of Studying Abroad
Foreign institutions may offer better courses.
Many students want to attend a prestigious university.
The best universities employ teachers who are experts in their fields.
Qualifications gained abroad can open the door to better job opportunities.
Living abroad can broaden students’ horizons.
Overseas students are exposed to different cultures and customs.
They become more independent.
They are responsible for cooking, cleaning and paying bills.
They will learn a foreign language.
Drawbacks of Studying Abroad
Living and studying abroad can be difficult.
Students have problems with paperwork such as visa applications.
The language barrier can be a problem.
Students have to find accommodation and pay bills.
Studying in a foreign language is challenging.
Living alone in an unfamiliar culture can cause homesickness.
Technology in Education: Advantages
Technology is a powerful tool to engage students.
Technology can make lessons much more interesting. Students can do research using online resources.
Students can study at their own pace.
Adults can take distance learning courses.
Students can study whenever and wherever they want. Students also learn skills which are useful for their future jobs. For example, they learn to write reports using a word processor
Technology in Education: Disadvantages
People rely too much on computers.
Young learners do not become proficient in some basic skills. They use word processors with spell-checkers.
Their handwriting and spelling may suffer.
People should be able to write a letter by hand.
Technology is no substitute for a real teacher.
Learners need a structured course.
An experienced teacher knows what materials to choose. Computers are expensive to maintain and can be unreliable
Technology in Education: Opinion
Institutions should supplement traditional teaching with the use of technology. Technology is part of everyday life.
It can enhance a teacher’s lessons.
Students can use online resources to help with homework.
Students must still learn to write by hand.
They should still use traditional sources of information such as books.
Education in Developing Countries: Problems
Children often have to work from an early age.
There are no schools in many areas.
Families do not have access to books or computers.
Literacy rates are often low.
People in developing countries need knowledge and skills. Education is the key to improving the economy of these countries.
Education in Developing Countries: Solutions
Developed countries could help developing nations by providing money.
They could invest in schools and technology.
They could supply the funds to build schools and pay for teachers.
Children need to have access to free schooling.
Computer equipment could be donated.
The Internet can expose students to a world of knowledge and information. Governments should make education compulsory for all children.
They should encourage parents to send their children to school.
Governments of developed and developing countries must work together.
Higher Education: Advantages (also see “Benefits of Education”)
There are many benefits to going to university.
A degree can open the door to better employment prospects.
Economies are becoming increasingly knowledge-based.
Most jobs require specific knowledge and skills.
Skilled workers are needed for sectors such as information technology and engineering. Repetitive manual jobs are now done by machines.
Many factories have moved to developing countries.
Higher Education: Disadvantages
A healthy economy needs a wide range of workers.
Some manual workers will always be needed.
A university degree is not necessary for many service professions. Practical training is more important in some industries.
In the UK, for example, there is currently a shortage of plumbers.
Their services are therefore becoming more and more expensive.
Advantages of Home-Schooling
Some parents decide to educate their children at home.
Some families live in isolated areas with poor transport.
Other parents are not satisfied with local schools.
Parents can respond to what their children need and how they learn best. One-to-one lessons allow much faster progress.
The child can work at his or her own pace.
Discipline problems are avoided by home-schooling.
Disadvantages of Home-Schooling
Most parents do not have the time to educate their children at home. One parent would need to give up work.
School subjects are normally taught by up to ten different teachers. Most parents do not have the necessary knowledge or resources. Private tutors are expensive.
Children will miss out on the social experience that school offers.
At school, children learn how to get on with each other.
Home-schooled children may lack social skills.
Schools offer a better overall educational experience.
Bad Behaviour in Schools: Causes
Bad behaviour is due to a lack of structure and discipline.
There are too many children in some classes.
Large classes are difficult to manage.
Many disruptive students come from an unstable family background. Other parents are too lenient and spoil their children.
Some children are used to getting whatever they want.
Schools can do very little if they are not supported by parents.
Bad Behaviour in Schools: Solutions
Schools need a clear code of conduct.
Schools need a clear set of rules about behaviour.
They need to create a positive working atmosphere.
Teachers must have the power to punish disruptive students. Schools should remove difficult children from lessons.
Schools need to work closely with parents.
Discipline could be lacking at home.
Parents must support the school rules.
They should take responsibility for their children’s behaviour.
Corporal Punishment: Opinion
Corporal Punishment is not a good idea.
Physical punishment is a way of controlling children using fear. This does not promote trust between adults and children.
Children who are punished physically may become shy or resentful. Corporal punishment creates an atmosphere of fear and anger.
Single Sex Education: Advantages
Some people believe that male and female students should go to separate schools. This is often for religious or cultural reasons.
Discipline problems might be avoided by separating boys and girls.
Boys and girls may learn in different ways and have different needs.
Students at single-sex schools often get better exam grades.
Single-Sex Education: Disadvantages
Separating boys and girls is unnecessary.
It is unhealthy in terms of children’s social development.
Many coeducational schools are extremely successful.
A mixed-sex environment is more representative of real life. Coeducational schools provide children with better social skills for adult life.
Advantages of Streaming (grouping children according
to ability) Some schools separate students according to their academic ability. Teachers can work at the right speed for their students.
Teachers can plan more suitable lessons.
High-level groups may progress faster.
Lower level groups can benefit from a slower pace.
Some teachers and parents support streaming for these reasons.
Disadvantages of Streaming
Grouping by ability may have a negative impact on students.
Children do not want to be seen as less intelligent than others.
Streaming could damage students’ self esteem.
They may lose motivation.
Students from wealthier families tend to be better prepared.
Children from poorer families may receive less support from parents. Mixed ability classes encourage everyone to achieve their potential.
Environment Global Warming
Gases such as carbon dioxide trap heat from the sun.
This causes global temperatures to rise.
This process is known as the greenhouse effect.
Human activity is a major factor in the rise of the greenhouse gases.
Factories and vehicles produce emissions and exhaust fumes.
Many developing countries are becoming industrialised.
The number of cars on our streets is growing.
Cheap air travel is allowing more people to fly.
Effects of Global Warming
Global warming will have a significant impact on our planet.
Rising temperatures will cause melting of the polar ice caps.
Sea levels will rise.
We can expect more extreme weather conditions.
Flooding and droughts may become more common.
Impact of Humans on the Environment
The increasing world population is putting pressure on natural resources.
Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out.
We are destroying wildlife habitats.
We have cut down enormous areas of rainforest.
This has led to the extinction of many species of animals and plants.
Solutions to Environment Problems
Governments could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories.
They should invest in renewable energy from solar, wind or water power.
They could impose “green taxes” on drivers and airline companies.
Government campaigns should promote recycling.
Natural areas and wild animals should be protected.
Individuals should also try to be greener.
We should take fewer flights abroad for holidays.
We should take public transport rather than driving.
We should choose products with less packaging.
We should recycle as much as possible.
Waste / Rubbish
The amount of waste we produce has increased.
This problem is a result of our consumer culture.
Products are not made to last.
If something breaks, we throw it away and buy a new one. Advertisers encourage us to buy the newest fashions.
Packaging is an important part of selling.
Most foods are sold in non-biodegradable plastic packaging.
The amount of household waste is growing.
This waste ends up in landfill sites.
Litter
People do not think about the consequences of dropping rubbish. They assume that somebody is paid to clean the streets.
Plastic packaging does not break down easily.
Most of the litter seen on streets is fast food packaging.
Recycling and Other Solutions
Companies should make goods that last longer.
They should not use so much packaging.
Governments should be stricter about waste produced by companies. They should put legal limits on packaging.
Consumers should avoid buying over-packaged products.
We should recycle and reuse useful materials.
There are collection banks for glass, paper and plastic bottles. Households can use several rubbish bins to separate waste. Recycling saves energy and raw materials.
Nuclear Power: Positives
There are several benefits to building more nuclear power stations. Fossil fuels like oil and gas are running out.
Nuclear power is a relatively sustainable energy source.
It can be used to produce electricity without wasting natural resources. It could replace the use of natural resources like coal, oil or gas. Nuclear power stations are cleaner than fossil fuel power stations. They could help to reduce carbon emissions that cause global warming. The risks of accidents are being reduced.
Nuclear Power: Negatives
Opponents of nuclear power worry about the safety of power stations. The building of new nuclear power stations is unpopular.
Nobody wants to live near one.
Nuclear waste disposal is a significant problem.
There is currently no way to decontaminate radioactive material. People worry that terrorists could steal radioactive materials.
It is safer to produce energy from solar, wind or water power.
Family Family Size
Families in many countries are not as large as they used to be.
We tend to live in small nuclear families rather than large extended families.
Parents tend to have fewer children.
Young children are no longer expected to work.
Nowadays both parents often work.
It costs so much to bring children up.
It is more difficult to raise a large family.
Working Parents (also see “Gender” topic)
Children and their parents seem to be less close nowadays.
Parents spend less time with their children.
Women traditionally stayed at home to cook, clean and look after children.
Nowadays both parents often work full time.
Children may be left alone, or with nannies or babysitters.
Busy parents have less contact with their children.
Many families no longer eat meals together.
Children spend more time with friends or surfing the Internet.
Negative Effects on Children
The lack of closeness in families can have a negative effect on children.
Many parents have no idea how their children spend their time.
Friends, television and the Internet become the main influences on children’s behaviour. Teenagers are influenced by peer pressure.
Some of them join gangs.
Juvenile delinquency is on the increase.
Parents should be more involved with their children’s upbringing.
Young people need positive role models.
Divorce
In the past, divorce was unacceptable.
It was considered to be embarrassing for a family.
People stayed together for religious or family reasons.
Divorce is more socially acceptable nowadays.
It has become much more common.
Divorce can be extremely stressful.
Lone parents may face financial difficulties.
Many single parents have to rely on benefits paid by the state.
Divorce can have a negative effect on children.
Children from single-parent families are more likely to get lower grades or drop out of school. The rise in divorce rates may be connected to some social problems.
Care for Old People
Caring for elderly people was traditionally the responsibility of families.
Adults had to look after their elderly parents.
A woman’s job was to stay at home taking care of her family.
Nowadays, fewer elderly people are looked after by their relatives.
Residential homes provide care for large numbers of elderly people.
Some families are unable to look after elderly relatives.
Families tend to be smaller these days, and women often have full-time jobs.
Care homes provide a professional service for senior citizens.
Nurses are better trained than family members.
Care for Old People: Opinion
The best form of care for the elderly depends on the family situation.
It depends on whether family members have the time and resources.
We all have a responsibility towards the older people in our society.
Governments should invest money in facilities and training for care workers.
Gender (Males and Females) Gender and Education
Men and women should have access to the same educational opportunities.
Males and females should be accepted onto courses according to their abilities.
It is wrong to discriminate against students because of their gender.
Gender should be irrelevant in education.
Students’ achievements should depend on hard work and individual merit.
In the UK, there are similar numbers of male and female students in higher education.
Gender and Work
Men and women should have access to the same professional opportunities.
Both men and women should be able to pursue a career.
They should earn equal salaries.
They should be employed according to their abilities, qualifications and experience. Traditionally, women have been restricted to certain roles.
They were often employed as secretaries or receptionists.
Nowadays, a range of occupations is available to both sexes.
Career success depends on individual merit.
Women’s and Men’s Role in the Family
Some people argue that a mother should not work.
She should stay at home and bring up her children.
The father should be the breadwinner of the family.
Others believe that both parents should share these responsibilities.
Working women can take maternity leave during and after pregnancy.
Many mothers continue to work after this period.
Many fathers and mothers share their parenting and domestic responsibilities.
They contribute equally to childcare, cooking and cleaning.
Some women may have better career prospects than their husbands.
Paternity leave and “househusbands” are becoming more common. Traditional gender roles are gradually changing.
Families can divide roles and responsibilities in the most convenient way
Genetic Engineering Positives of Genetic Engineering
Genetic engineering is the practice of manipulating the genes of an organism.
It is used to produce crops that are more resistant to insects and diseases.
Some genetically modified crops grow more quickly.
Some drugs and vaccines are produced by genetic engineering.
It may become possible to change humans’ genetic characteristics.
Scientists may use genetic engineering to cure diseases.
Inherited illnesses would no longer exist.
Genes could be changed before a baby is born.
It could also be possible to clone human organs.
We could all have replacement body parts.
Humans could live longer, healthier lives.
