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Question 1

list 3 different tumors that affect bone: what makes them different from each other

Answer 1

Osteosarcoma
Osteoma
Osteochondroma

Question 2

A common malignant bone tumor. Slightly more common in males or teenage boys going through rapid phases of growth. They mostly develop in long bones. It is unknown why they form. It is serious and life threatening.

Answer 2

Osteosarcoma

Question 3

A rare benign bone tumor. Most common in the an older adult and are usually found on the head and neck. The cause is also unknown.

Answer 3

Osteoma

Question 4

Is the most common benign tumor. They form where cartilage is found on bone. They are an extra bone growth found mostly in children.

Answer 4

Osteochondroma

Question 5

is the degeneration of the vertebral discs. It can be caused by poor posture, heavy lifting, or a prior injury. It affects the apophyseal joints and the facet joints of the spine. Signs and symptoms are lipping, compression fractures, ligamentous thickening, and inflammation.

Answer 5

SPONDYLOSIS

Question 6

is a slippage of one vertebral body anteriorly on another usually at L4/5 L5/S1 and causes a narrowing of the spinal canal. The cause is from a trauma with a fracture to the spine. Signs and symptoms are LBP, mm spasms, increasing lordosis, and referred pain.

Answer 6

SPONDYLOLISTHESIS

Question 7

is a defect of pars interarticularis in the lumbar spine usually at L4/5 or L5/S1. It is seen in people who play contact sports or push gymnastics. It can be caused by a microtrauma or a genetic defect such as spina bifida occulta.

Answer 7

SPONDYLOLYSIS

Question 8

a women’s underarms starts to swell 3 months after surgery. What is most likely the cause?

Answer 8

The most likely cause would be lymphedema. Lymphedema is a chronic edema resulting from an increase of lymphatic fluid. It is caused by damage or removal of the lymph nodes.

Question 9

Primary cause is unknown. Secondary can be from a previous injury, infection, repetitive stress, obesity, hemophilia, or hyper-mobility. Not an inflammatory disease but does flare up at times

Answer 9

Osteoarthriits cause

Question 10

unknown- possibly from sex hormones or a virus. It is an inflammatory disease.

Answer 10

RA cause

Question 11

Cartilage becomes damaged creating a rough surface on the bone interfering with joint movements. The tissue damage causes enzymes to be released disintegrating cartilage further. The bone then is exposed and damage causing cysts and bone spurs. Pieces of bone can break off causing pain when moving as well as locking. The distal joints of the hands and feet are affected.

Answer 11

Joint changes that occur:

Osteoarthriits

Question 12

Synovitis is presents which is inflammation of the joints. Deposits of immune complexes are presents. The synovium gets really thick and there is excess synovial fluid. Pannus starts degrading parts of the bone and cartilage, which leaves the bones looking chiseled out. Can become ankylosing, which is bone being built up around the joint causing the joint to become fused. It can also destroy ligaments.

Answer 12

Joint changes that occur: RA

Question 13

Mild pain with weight bearing movements, overtime as the degeneration progresses it becomes more painful which causes more swelling and limited movements. Joints become enlarged and hard.

Answer 13

Signs/Symtoms: Osteoarthriits

Question 14

Early on, swelling and inflammation is visible with the painful joints being red and hot to touch. Rheumatoid Factor is present. In early stages it effects the proximal joints of the hands and feet. In later stages it effects the bigger joints such as hips, knees, shoulders, elbows, C- spine, and TMJ. The pain is acute and severe. The early morning hours is where the most pain occurs taking a person one to two hours to get up and ready. Spindle fingers and muscle atrophy may be present. Joint stiffness is worse with less movement.

Answer 14

Signs/Symtoms: RA

Question 15

PTAs we will be focusing on improving pain and function, increasing ROM, and working on strength and stabilization of the joint. Regular exercise and weight reduction should be encouraged.

Answer 15

Osteoarthritis treatment

Question 16

It is important do exercises with a splint if a patient is wearing one and being aware of what exercises may further damage the ligament. Patients are very limited in what they can do. They can flare very easily with soreness and pain lasting for days. Their skin tends to break down more easily as well. Less is better in their case.

Answer 16

RA treatment

Question 17

Infective arthritis is most common in the very young or the very old. in people who are immunosuppressed, or those who abuse drugs. Sexually transmitted diseases are responsible for about 80% of infections that cause infective arthritis. It is usually isolated to one joint and include a sudden onset of severe pain. Cardinal signs of inflammation may be present. It can be life threatening but most cases can be treated with antibiotics.

Answer 17

infective arthritis

Question 18

What happens to bone in osteoporosis? Describe signs and symptoms and what type of treatment in PT is appropriate

Answer 18

Osteoporosis is where the cancellous bone begins to break down and thin. Signs and symptoms include spinal changes with increased kyphosis. A loss of height may be noticeable which may cause breathing problems. Patients complain of LBP pain and neck pain. There are several contraindications to be aware of when working with a patient: Spinal flexion, mobilization techniques or traction. Range of motion and strengthening exercises should be done with care.

Question 19

What are 2 different diseases that affect the head of the femur.

Answer 19

• Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

- Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Question 20

The Femoral head slides on femur at epiphysis and is laterally rotated. It is more common in boys, It may be caused by trauma. Commonly in boys 11-16 years old with obesity or rapid growth. Pain is a symptom with restricted movement and altered ambulation. The prognosis is usually good, in severe cases the patient will have arthritis

Answer 20

Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis

Question 21

This is caused by avascular necrosis of the proximal femoral epiphysis. It may be due to trauma. Signs and symptoms are the flatting of the femoral head. It may lead to arthritis and is more common in young males, age 3-12. Usually there is pain, stiffness in hip, groin pain, anterior thigh and knee pain, and decreased hip abduction along with medial rotation.

Answer 21

Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease

Question 22

The next patient you are going to see has been diagnosed with Scleroderma. When you go in to see the patient describe how they might look and what symptoms they may have. Describe 3 things they might complain about

Answer 22

A patient with Scleroderma will have edema in their fingers. Their skin will be tight in hands, feet, and face with a loss of skin creases. Their lips might be pursed.
3 things a scleroderma patient might complain of is being cold from Raynaud’s disease with the lack of blood flow. It effects the lungs so they might complain of shortness of breath. It also affects the bowels causing them to have stomach aches or needing to be close to a restroom.

Question 23

Name 3 differences between Polymyalgia Rheumatica and Fibromyalgia

Answer 23

Polymyalgia rheumatic is inflammatory where Fibromyalgia is not.

• Fibromyalgia is treated with exercise, relaxation techniques, analgesic medications and antidepressants to relieve pain and promote sleep. Treatment for polymyalgia is targeted at relieving inflammation.
• Ploymyalgia occurs usually after the age of 60 where with Fibromyalgia onset is usually middle aged women.

Question 24

Compare psoriatic arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis: name 2 things that make them alike and 2 things that make them different

Answer 24

• Differences - ankylosis affects the spine, SI joint, shoulders, hips, knees where Psoriatic arthritis affects the distal joints of hands and feet. Another thing that makes them different is that Psoriatic arthritis is systemic and ankylosis is not.
• Similarities- Both are inflammatory. Both can go through periods of exacerbations and remissions.

Question 25

Compare myocarditis and rheumatic heart disease

Answer 25

Myocarditis is an inflammation of the heart and can be caused by a virus, parasite, polio, flu, rubella, or exposure to chemicals. Rheumatic fever is related to a disease of the mitral valve and is caused by strep throat not being taken care of. Rheumatic fever can be treated with antibiotics where myocarditis may not. Rheumatic hart disease symptoms are much like the flu. A skin rash may become present. Also, the following joints may be affected: knee, feet and ankles, shoulders,elbows, hands, and neck. Myocarditis include mild fever, joint pain,edema, chest pain similar to a heart attack, hear murmurs, faster heart rate, LE edema, and reduced urine output. Both have a good prognosis if treated and neither require Physical Therapy intervention.

Question 26

You are told a baby has Tetralogy of Fallot: describe symptoms and what is the cause of the symptoms

Answer 26

The cause is partially genetic. Some cases have unknown reasons. Others may be caused from maternal rubella infections, maternal diabetes, and maternal alcohol and drug abuse during pregnancy.
Signs and symptoms are a four heart defect which are pulmonary stenosis, defect in the ventricular septum, hypertrophy of the right ventricle, and a defect causing the aorta to be open into both ventricles. There is a mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood that causes cyanosis of the lips, fingertips, and ears

Question 27

What is thrombophlebitis and the symptoms.

Answer 27

Thrombophlebitis is an inflammation and clotting of the veins to either deep or superficial veins of the lower extremities. Signs and symptoms are generalized fever, tenderness, and redness over the area of the vein, hardening of the tissue, and pain and tightness of the area.

Question 28

Your patient reports they have anemia: what symptoms would you look for while you are treating them?

Answer 28

Signs and symptoms to look for with anemic patients would be fatigue, chest pain, and dyspnea.

Question 29

Describe the difference between central and peripheral cyanosis

Answer 29

Central cyanosis- occurs with pulmonary diseases when oxygen level is less than 80%. It can cause a blueish tint to the tongue, lips, ears, and other mucous membranes.
Peripheral cyanosis- occurs where there is low cardiac output. People with cardiac disease. Blueness can be found in the fingertips, nail beds, toes, and the nose

Question 30

Describe the difference between lobar pneumonia and bronchopneumonia

Answer 30

Lobar pneumonia affects a lobe of the lungs, and bronchial pneumonia can affect patches throughout both lungs.

Question 31

is the most common. 90% is from smoking. It is from the bronchial epithelium.

Answer 31

Bronchogenic carcinoma-

Question 32

rapid growth, usually near major bronchus,it is very invasive and metastasizes early on.

Answer 32

Oat cell:

Question 33

Name 4 differences between emphysema and chronic bronchitis. Name 2 things that make them similar

Answer 33

2 similarities-(1)Both can be caused by cigarette smoking and air pollution.(2) Both cause difficulty in breathing.

4 differences- (1)emphysema there is the destruction of the walls of the alveoli and the tiny air spaces become permanently inflated (too much oxygen) . (2) Chronic bronchitis irritation causes an increased amount of heavy mucus in the lungs that over time, interferes with breathing. (not enough oxygen) (3) Clubbed fingers are a sign of emphysema. (4) Blue boaters and pink puffers are associated with chronic bronchitis.

Question 34

Describe cyanosis and how it what you would look for during PT treatment

Answer 34

Cyanosis is a bluish color of skin and mucous membranes. It can be peripheral or central. During treatment a PTA should look for fingertips, nose, and or toes being blue with peripheral. And with central the tongue, lips, and ears can be blue.

Question 35

What causes bronchiectasis and name 4 signs/symptoms you might see if you are treating them

Answer 35

Bronchiectasis can be caused by a secondary infection, it usually occurs with CF or COPD, or childhood infections: aspiration.

Signs and symptoms will be a chronic cough, foul breath, fatigued due to anemia, and might cough up blood.

Question 36

What lung problem is the leading cause of death in hospitals.

Answer 36

Pulmonary embolus is the leading cause of death in hospitals. Clots will form in legs after a surgery because of less movement from the patient. The clots then become dislodge and travel to the lungs. Compression hoses have been used to help keep clots from forming.