Bone fractures- chap 26 Flashcards
TRAUMA
FYI
Fractures
Dislocations
Sprains and strains
A break in the rigid structure and continuity of a bone.
TYPES OF FRACTURES
15
- complete
- incomplete
- open
- closed
- simple
- comminuted
- compression
- impacted
- pathologic
- stress
- depressed
- transverse
- linear
- oblique
- spiral
broken all the way
complete fracture
broken not all the way
incomplete
broken all the way and through the skin
open
broken all the way but not through skin
closed
clean break -just a break
simple
breaks into little pieces
comminuted
bones pressed together usually vertebrae and more pressure on one side.
compression
bones break by pushing straight into itself.
impacted
fx from constant pounding. usually sports. break looks uneven and brittle
stress fx
fracture to the skull ( maybe from a hammer smashed to the head)
Depressed
fx straight across(not up and down)
transvers
fx that is a line
linear
fx at an angle
oblique
fx that twists
spiral
- Fracture of the distal radius
- Mechanism: usually extending arm to break fall
Colles’ fracture
how do bones heal?
- Hematoma and formation of granulation tissue
- Fibro cartilaginous callus
- Bony callus
- Remodeling
clot forms in medullary canal under the periosteum
- Inflammatory response develops a reaction to the trauma,
- Serves as a base for fibrin network
- Fibroblasts move in to lay down new collagen
- Not very strong: fibro cartilaginous callus
Hematoma
new bone formation
- Callus produces is larger than necessary
- Osteoblast activity: forms collagen
Boney callus:
3 phases
of bone healing
Initial inflammatory response
- 1-2 weeks
Reparative phase
- Lasts several months
- Callous forms, fracture more stable
- WB on LE 6-12 weekw
- UE: 4-6 weeks
Remodeling phase
- Lasts several years
Reduction of fracture
- Closed
- Open
Fixation
- Internal
- External
treatment of fractures
- The separation of two bones at a joint with a loss of contact between the articulating surfaces.
- If the bone is only partially displaced, the injury is a SUBLUXATION
- Loss of contact between the articulating bone surfaces
- One bone usually tends to be out of position, the other one stays in place
dislocation
- Bone is only partially displaced
- Partial loss of contact between surfaces
subluxation
stretching or a tear in a ligament
Sprain
stretching or a tear in a tendon or muscle
Strain
separation of a ligament or tendon from its bony attachment
Avulsion
- Inflammation occurs
- Granulation tissue
- Collagen fibers formed, link with remaining tendon or ligament, binds with fibrous tissue
- Takes at least 6 weeks to become strong
after a tear
- Malignant neoplasm
- Usually develops in femur, tibia, or fibula
- Primarily in children and young adults
- Grow quickly and metastasize to the lungs in early stages
Osteosarcoma
- Major symptom: bone pain = constant, steady pain at rest as well as with activity, night pain
- Treatment: surgical amputation or excision; chemotherapy
- 5 year survival rate = 30%
Osteosarcoma
- Arise from cartilage cells
- More common in adults
- Develop gradually
- Pelvis, shoulder girdle
- Metastasize to the lung (often early)
- Treatment: surgical excision
Chondrosarcoma
