Neuro (from slides neuro 2)

Question 1

Objective:

Answer 1

List and define common acute and chronic neurological disorders.

Question 2

seeing half on the outside of one eye and half on the inside of the other eye

Answer 2

hemianopsia

Question 3

Spontaneous excessive discharge of neurons
Causes: inflammation, hypoxia, bleeding
Involuntary repetitive movements/abnormal sensations

Answer 3

Seizures

Question 4

Skull is rigid
Increase in fluid, exudate from inflammation, mass: compress the brain
Brain tissue will die
Increased pressure causes widespread loss of function
Monitor: instrument placed in ventricle or radiological exam

Answer 4

Increased ICP-(intracranial pressure)

Question 5

Brain hemorrhage
Trauma
Cerebral edema
Infection
Tumor
Excess CSF

Answer 5

Increased pressure

Question 6

Body tries to compensate
Shift CSF, increase venous return causes hypoxia, body compensates by arterial vasodilation
First sign: decreased LOC
Severe HA
Projectile vomit
papilledema

Answer 6

Early signs of ICP( intercranial pressure)

Question 7

Signs of increased intracranial pressure

Answer 7

Decreased LOC: pressure on brainstem
Headache: distortion of meninges
Vomiting: pressure on medulla (emetic center)
Inc BP with inc pulse pressure: cerebral ischemia causes vasoconstriction
Papilledema: swelling around optic disc
Pupil fixed and dilated: pressure on CN III
Drooping of eyelid

Question 8

• Infection of the meninges
• Usually bacterial
• Reach brain by blood or wound
• Rapid spread
• Exudate covers surface of the brain

Answer 8

Meningitis an Infection of the brain

Question 9

Children and young adults get what brain infections?

Answer 9

Neisseria meningitidis
Menigococcus
E-coli (neonate)
Haemophilus influenzae

Question 10

who gets Streptococcus pneumoniae- a brain infection?

Answer 10

elderly

Question 11

Severe headache
Photophobia
Back pain
Vomiting
Irritability
Stupor

Answer 11

Signs and symptoms of infection of the brain.

Question 12

Antibiotic therapy
Treatment for ICP
glucocorticoids

Answer 12

treatment for brain infection

Question 13

• Inflammatory condition of peripheral nervous -system
• Cause is unknown
• ? Abnormal immune response
• Preceded by viral infection
• Mostly affects motor nerve fibers
• May affect sensory and autonomic
• Usually begins in legs: inflammatory and degenerative process
• Ascends: will involve trunk, arms, neck and then into cranial nerves
• Can cause paralysis of respiratory muscles and diaphragm

Answer 13

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 14

Mm weakness and areflexia in legs
Ascending paralysis
Parasthesias
Vision and speech can be affected
Swallowing and respiration

Answer 14

Signs and symptoms of Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 15

Supportive care
Immunoglobulin therapy
Therapy to help increase strength and function
30% residual weakness

Answer 15

Treatment Guillain-Barre Syndrome

Question 16

Congenital Disorders

Seizure Disorders

Answer 16

Chronic Neurological Disorders

Question 17

Hydrocephalus
Spina Bifida
Cerebral Palsy

Answer 17

Congenital Disorders

Question 18

Absence (petit mal) seizures
Tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures
Partial Seizures

Answer 18

Seizure Disorders

Question 19

Increase in CSF

Answer 19

Hydrocephalus

Question 20

• Water on the brain
• Cranial sutures are open
• In babies, the head can expand
• In adults, ICP increases more rapidly because the skull cannot expand

Answer 20

Hydrocephalus

Question 21

This is describing what ?
Large head
white sclera visible above iris
High pitched cry

Answer 21

Hydrocephalus – Signs and symptoms for infants

Question 22

This is describing what ?-Severe headache

• Vomiting
• Pupils fixed, dilated

Answer 22

Hydrocephalus – Signs and symptoms for adults

Question 23

Noncommunicating: flow of CSF in blocked

Communicating hydrocephalus: absorption of CSF through subarachnoid villi is impaired

Answer 23

effects of Hydrocephalus

Question 24

Depends on rate of pressure increase

Time before pressure is relieved

Answer 24

Brain damage Hydrocephalus

Question 25

Surgery to remove obstruction or place shunt
VP shunt
VA shunt

Answer 25

Hydrocephalus – Treatment

Question 26

• Neural tube defects
• Neural tube develops in 4th week of gestation
• The posterior spinous processes on the vertebrae fail to fuse
• Usually in lumbar area

Answer 26

Spina Bifida

Question 27

Three types of Spina Bifida:

Answer 27

Spina bifida occulta
Meningocele
Myelomeningocele

Question 28

Spinous processes do not fuse
Defect not usually visual
Can find on xray

Answer 28

Spina Bifida Occulta

Question 29

• Herniation of meninges
• Sac will form
• transillumination

Answer 29

Meningocele

Question 30

Multifactorial
Genetic + environmental factors
Exposure to radiation
Gestational diabetes
Deficits of Vitamin A or Folic Acid

**Folic Acid supplements are recommended prior to conception, since the neural tube forms so early.

Answer 30

Spina bifida - Etiology

Question 31

Visible protruding sac over spine

Extent of neurological deficit depends on level of defect in spine

Answer 31

Spina bifida – signs and symptoms prior to conception, since the neural tube forms so early.

Question 32

• Surgical repair
• Usually a neurologic deficit remains
• Rehab

Answer 32

Spina bifida – treatment

Question 33

• Serious
• Herniation of spinal cord and nerves
• Neurological impairment

Answer 33

myelomeningocele