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Fundamentals of disease > Blood and Lymph disorders
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Blood and Lymph disorders
 Flashcards

1
Q

Objectives:

Differentiate normal blood clotting processes and major clotting/platelet disorders.

List and describe major disorders of the blood

A

fyi

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2
Q

Blood clotting:

A
  • Hemostasis
  • Clot formation
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3
Q
  • Aka platelets
  • Fragments, not cells
  • Stick to damaged tissue and themselves
  • Form a plug
  • Aspirin: reduces adhesion: increases bleeding
  • Thrombocytes initiate coagulation process
A

thrombocytes

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4
Q
  • Blood vessel vasoconstricts
  • Thrombocytes adhere
  • Blood clotting factors become activated
  • Clot is formed
A

Hemostasis

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5
Q

Inhibitors are present that prevent unnecessary clotting

A

Fibrinolysis

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6
Q
  • Hemophilia
  • DIC- Disseminated intravascular coagulation
  • Leukemia
A

BLOOD DISORDERS

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7
Q
  • A clotting disorder
  • Hemostasis takes place, but the fibrin mesh does not form.
  • Prolonged, severe hemorrhage may occur following minor tissue trauma

-X-linked recessive disorder

A

Hemophilia

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8
Q

describe the difference of Hemophilia A, B, and C

A

A = Classic hemophilia – 90%
B = very similar to classic hemophilia
C = a milder form of hemophilia

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9
Q

Signs and symptoms of Hemophilia

A
  • Spontaneous hemorrhage into joints can occur
  • Painful crippling deformities
  • Blood in urine or in feces
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10
Q

tx for what

Replacement therapy for blood clotting factors (blood products)

Not without complication
Contagious disease (from contaminated blood products)
Immune reactions to blood products

A

Hemophilia Treatment

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11
Q
  • Aka Christmas disease
  • Similar to hemophilia A
A

Hemophilia B

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12
Q
  • AKA Rosenthal’s hemophilia
  • Milder form
A

Hemophilia C

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13
Q
  • Very often life threatening
  • Involves excessive bleeding and excessive clotting
  • Often leads to multiple organ failure and death
A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

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14
Q

Many disorders can initiate DIC

  • Obstetric complication
  • Infection
  • Carcinomas
  • Major trauma
A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

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15
Q

s/s

-Dependent on whether hemorrhage or thrombosis is dominant
-Often:
*Hypotension
*Mucosal bleeding
*Hematuria
*Infarcts
*Respiratory impairment
*Seizures, decreased responsiveness
*Renal failure
*Ecchymoses, petechiae

A

Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)

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16
Q

tx for

  • Underlying cause must be treated
  • Fine balance to treat both thromboses and hemorrhages
  • Prognosis often poor, but depends on severity of underlying problem.
A

DIC treatment

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17
Q

dark bruises

A

ecchymosis

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18
Q
  • A group of neoplastic disorders involving the white blood cells
  • 30,000 new cases each year
  • Overall survival rate – 45%
A

Leukemia

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19
Q

pathophysiology

  • Immature, nonfunctional leukocytes multiply uncontrollably in the bone marrow
  • Large quantities of these leukocytes are released into general circulation
A

Leukemia

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20
Q

Leukemia categorization

Acute and Chronic types

Several subdivisions according to the type of cell that is malignant

6 of them

A
  • Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)
  • Acute myelocytic leukemia (AML)
  • Chronic lymphocytic leukemia
  • Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)
  • Acute monocytic leukemia
  • Hairy cell leukemia
21
Q

etiology of?

  • Associations between leukemia and chromosomal abnormalities
  • Exposure to radiation, chemicals, and certain viruses
  • Chronic leukemias more often seen in older people, acute more often seen in children and young adults
A

Leukemia

22
Q

Most common childhood cancer
Ages 2-5
80% of childhood

A

all leukemia

23
Q

More common in adults
Radiation, benzene, viruses, chemo

A

AML

24
Q

s/s of?

Multiple infections - due to nonfunctional WBCs
Hemorrhage – due to thrombocytopenia
Anemia – due to dropping of RBC counts
Severe bone pain
Weight loss, fatigue
Fever
Enlarged lymph nodes, liver, and spleen
CNS symptoms: headache, visual disturbance, drowsiness, vomiting

A

Leukemia

25
Q

tx for

  • Chemotherapy
  • Bone marrow transplants – if chemotherapy is ineffective
A

Leukemia

26
Q
  • Lymphoma
  • Multiple Myeloma
  • Lymphedema
A

Lymphatic Disorders

27
Q
A

Lymphoma

28
Q

-Onset primarily in adults ages 20 to 40 and men over 50.
-Initially involves a single lymph node
-Cancer spreads to adjacent lymph nodes, and then to organs
-One type of atypical cell is used to diagnose this disorder
**Reed- Sternberg cell

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

29
Q

Prognosis of ???
If caught in early stages is good
If localized can be considered cured

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

30
Q

s/s of???

  • Large, painless lymph node
  • Enlarged lymph nodes, splenomegaly
  • Weight loss, anemia, fever, fatigue
  • Pruritus
  • Recurrent infection – abnormal lymphocytes interfere with immune response
A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

31
Q

Staging of ???

Stage I: single lymph node or region
Stage II: 2 or more LN regions same side of diaphragm
Stage III: nodes both sides of diaphragm and spleen
Stage IV: diffuse, extralymphatic involvement

A

Hodgkin’s Lymphoma

32
Q
  • Increasing in numbers
  • Often associated with HIV
  • Usually involve B-lymphocytes
  • Initial manifestation: enlarged, painless lymph node
  • Cancer spreads through lymph nodes scattered throughout the body
  • Even in early stages, many lymph nodes and organs are often involved
A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

33
Q

tx of??

  • Radiation, chemotherapy, surgery
  • Difficult to treat because of widespread nature of this cancer, but prognosis is improving with new drugs
A

Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas

34
Q
  • 10,000 people die every year
  • Less than 3% of people are diagnosed before age 40
  • More common in men and african americans

know it causes fractures as per DrC

A

Multiple Myeloma

35
Q
  • Neoplastic disease which occurs in older adults
  • Unknown etiology (idiopathic)
  • Increased number of mature B lymphocytes known as plasma cells
  • Proliferation of plasma cells replaces bone marrow, erodes bone
  • Blood cell production, immune response impaired
A

Multiple Myeloma

36
Q

Progression of ???

  • Multiple spontaneous fractures at weakened sites in the bone
  • Hypercalcemia due to bone breakdown
  • Multiple tumors: vertebrae, ribs, pelvis, , skull
A

Multiple Myeloma

37
Q

s/s of what?

  • Insidious onset
  • Frequent infections
  • Bone pain, present at rest
  • Pathologic fractures
  • Anemia, bleeding
  • Impaired kidney function
A

Multiple myeloma

38
Q

tx of

  • Chemotherapy
  • Analgesics for bone pain
  • Blood transfusions
  • Median survival – three years
A

Multiple myeloma

39
Q

An abnormal condition of lymph accumulation in the extremities due to a blockage of the lymphatic system

A

Lymphedema

40
Q

these are causes of what?

Congenital -
Parasites – worms block vessels
Cancer – tumors or proliferating cells block lymphatic vessels
Lmyphangitis – inflammation of the lymphatic vessels caused by bacteria

A

lymphedema

41
Q
  • tropical worm infection called filariasis
  • Worm larvae work way into lymph and develop into worms
  • Worms block lymphatic vessels
  • Worms can be 4-10cm long
A

Elephantiasis

42
Q

Treatment of ??

  • spraying to kill mosquitoes
  • giving antibiotics to prevent infection, kill microfilariae circulating in the blood
  • applying pressure bandages to reduce swelling
  • surgically removing infected tissue
A

Elephantiasis

43
Q
  • Usually caused by a skin infection
  • Most often acute streptococcal infection
  • Less often staphylococcal infection
A

Lymphangitis

44
Q
  • Red streaks from infected area to the armpit or groin (may be faint or obvious)
  • Enlarged lymph nodes (glands) above the area of red streaks – usually in the elbow, armpit, or groin
  • Throbbing pain along the affected area
  • Fever of 100 to 104 degrees Fahrenheit
  • Chills
  • General ill feeling (malaise)
  • Headache
  • Loss of appetite
  • Muscle aches

Can be spread quickly, within hours

A

Lymphangitis

45
Q

Treatment of ??

  • Antibiotics
  • Analgesics
  • Warm compresses
  • Anti-inflammatory medications to decrease inflammation and pain
  • Sometimes may have to perform surgery to drain abscesses
A

Lymphangitis

46
Q
  • Child is born with too few lymphatic vessels
  • Usually affects legs
  • More often seen in women
  • Can be mild or severe
  • Various levels of compression bandages
A

Congenital lymphedema

47
Q

PT for?

  • Fitting of garments
  • Manual lymph drainage
A

Lymphedema

48
Q
A

Fundamentals of disease (19 decks)

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