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Tecnico, Neuroengineering > T5, Neural cell and tissue engineering(Margarida Diogo) > Flashcards

T5, Neural cell and tissue engineering(Margarida Diogo) Flashcards

1
Q

which are the main type of stem cells?

A
  1. Embryonic stem cells (ESC)

2. Induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPSC)

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2
Q

What are the strategies for repairing the CNS?

A

CNS REPAIR

Biomaterial + biomolecule delivery + cell transplantation

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3
Q

what is a stem cell?

A

a cell that can:

  1. replicate itself or
  2. differentiate into many ell types
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4
Q

What are the derivatives, main properties and main applications for Embryonic stem cells (ESC)?

A

DERIVATIVES

PROPERTIES

APPLICATIONS

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5
Q

What are the derivatives, main properties and main applications for Embryonic stem cells (ESC)?

A

Embroyonic StemCells are differentiated cells isolated from a group of cells called inner cell mass, which is part of the pre-implantation embryo called the blastocyst

DERIVATIVES

PROPERTIES
- Long term self-renewal capacity
—> can be cultivated indefinitely without differentiation
-pluripotency
—> capability to differentite into all mature cell types from the three primary germ layers of the embryo even after in vitro long term culture
APPLICATIONS
1. Identify drug targets and test potential therapeutics

  1. Toxicity Testing
  2. understanding study cell differentiation
    —> understanding prevention and treatment of birth defects
  3. Tissues/cells for transplantation
    - bone marrow
    —> lukemia
    —>chemotherapy
  • Nerve cells
    —> parkinsons
    —> Alzheimer’s disease

-Heart muscle cells
—> heart disease

  • Pancreatic islet cells
    —> diabetes
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6
Q

What are the derivatives, properties and applications of induced pluripotent stem cells?

A

Somatic cells are taken from the patient and are then being reprogrammed to an embryonic stem-crell-like-state.
DERIVATIVES

PROPERTIES

APPLICATIONS

  1. Cell therapy
  2. Drug screening
  3. Disease modeling
  4. Reprogramming mechanism
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7
Q

what are the three primary ferm layers of the embryo called?

A
  1. ectoderm (external)
  2. endodem (middle)
  3. mesoderm (internal)
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8
Q

Name some reprogramming factors for the induced pluripotent stem cells!

A
  1. plasmids
  2. viruses
  3. proteins
  4. small molecules
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9
Q

How to obtain hPSC-derivatives in vitro?

A

Mimic the events of early development by engineering the microenvironment of the cells

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10
Q

what is the neural tube?

A

the neural tube is the embryonic structure that will give origin to the central nervous system: Brain and spinal cord

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11
Q

In vivo development?

A
  1. Blastocyst
  2. Neural plate
  3. Neural tube
  4. Fetal and adult brain
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12
Q

In vitro development?

A
  1. hPSCs
  2. Neuroepithelial NPCs
  3. Rosette-type NPCs
  4. Radial glia(-like) NPC
  5. Neurons or glia
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13
Q

Describe a brief way of creating an organoid

A
  1. differentiating PSCs
  2. cell sortin out
  3. lineage commitment
  4. organoid
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14
Q

Why would you need an organoid

A

—> disease modeling
—> drug testing
—> organ replacement

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15
Q

Name some limitations of static culture systems

A
  1. Low productivity
  2. non-homogeneous nature
  3. difficulty of monitoring and control
  4. extensive handling for feeding and harvesting
  5. absence of flow
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16
Q

what is controlled culture systems?

A

Alternative systems which allows:

  1. better homogeneity
  2. tighter control
  3. higher productivity
17
Q

Main characteristics of stirred suspension bioreactors?

A

Easily performed bioreactor operation and sampling

18
Q

what is the objective of ell transplantation?

A
  1. replace or promote the survival of damaged cells

2. Alter the local environment to be more conductive to regeneration

19
Q

How is the cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease using embryonic stem cell?

A
  1. Embryo of a frw days
  2. Stem cells
  3. More Stem cells
  4. Differentiation to Dopamine neurons
  5. Transplant the dopamine neurons in the brain
20
Q

How is the cell transplantation for Parkinson’s disease using embryonic stem cell?

A
  1. Patient cells are extracted from the patient
  2. The cells are reprogrammed and become stem cells
  3. the cells are expanded to more stem cells
  4. the cells are differentiated to dopamine neurons
  5. The dopamine neurons are transplanted into the brain
21
Q

Challenges with cell transplantation?

A
  1. poor cell survival
  2. Uncontrolled differentiation
  3. inneffective integration into the host tissue
  4. The solution may be provided by the combination with biomaterials or bioactive molecules
22
Q

Advantage with hydrogels for drug delivery to the CNS?

A
  1. Localized delivery
  2. Sustained delivery
  3. Protect the molecules from degradation in vivo
23
Q

What is mesenchymal stem cells?

A

Multipotent stroll cells that can differentiate into a variety of cell types:

  • bone cells
  • muscle cells
  • fat cells
24
Q

Properties of Biomaterials for Fabrication of Nerve Conduits?

A
  1. biocompatible
  2. biodegradable
  3. mechanical and structural properties
25
Q

Examples of Biomaterials for Fabrication of Nerve Conduits?

A
  1. PAA
  2. PCL
  3. PEG
  4. PLGA
  5. PVC

Tecnico, Neuroengineering (29 decks)

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