Exam, neural tissue engineering Flashcards
What is human embryonic stem cells?
Human embryonic stem cells are stem cells that can be differentiated into cells from three embryonic germ layers
What can human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) technology be used to?
hiPSC technologi can be used to obtain brain neural differentiated cells with the genomic background of a specific patient
Most differentiation methods for production of neural derivatives from human pluripotent stem cells include an intermediate stage for production of organized cellular structures. What is the intermediate stage for production of organized cellular structures called?
Neural rosettes
Name one neural derivative from human pluripotent stem cells!
specific neuronal sub-types
Human pluripotent stem cells derivatives are used for spinal cord injury on ongoing clinical trials. This is based on what?
Oligodendrocyte progenitors
—> a subtype of glial cells in the central nervous system
—> may be able to differentiate into neurons and astrocytes
what is astrocytes?
Star shaped glial cells in the brain and spinal cord
What was the objective to produce 3D cerebral organdies inside the stirred bioreactors?
To enhance the oxygenation of the aggregates
Where can the neural stem/progenitor cells be found?
The sub ventricular zone of the adult brain
what are the neural stem/progenitor cells?
They are multipoint stem cells
What is the main application for high-throughput culture of human neural stem cells?
To perform HTP toxicology assays with neurotoxic molecules
What different tissue engineering strategies is there to repair the central nervous system (CNS)?
- Engineered biomaterials can be used alone for the stimulation of neurogenesis in the CNS
How are the neural rosette structures obtained?
The neural rosette structures are in vitro organized cellular structures obtained by differentiation from human pluripotent stem cells
What does the neural rosette resemble?
the neural tube
what does in vitro mean?
In vitro studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context.
what is a cerebral organic?
It is a 3D non-vascularized in vitro cellular structures whose development resembles the human brain development
what is “non-vascularized”?
without blood vessels
what kind of transplantation is the majority of the ongoing clinical trias using differentiated derivatives of human pluripotent stem cells based on?
Retinal Pigmented Epithelial (RPE) cells
How was the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects potentially obtained?
upon transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)
What is the paracrine actions of the mesenchymal stem cells (MSC)?
the production of soluble factors
How was the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects potentially mediated?
the neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects are mediated by the paracrine actions of the mesenchymal stem cells (the production of soluble factors)
What are the Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) obtained after?
hiPSCs are obtained after in vitro programming of human somatic cells through the integration of transcription factors
By transplantation of what have pre-clinical studies in animal models of Parkinson’s disease have been performed?
By transplantation of dopaminergic neurons differentiated from human pluripotent stem cells
Genetically modified neural stem cells have been used in clinical trials for the treatment of brain tumors (gliomas). Why?
Mainly due to their capacity for migration inside the brain
What are nerve conduits?
Nerve conduits are artificial tubular structures allowing guiding axonal re-growth after peripheral nerve injury
