T4, Cognitve function and neurophysiology, (Ana Sebastiao)

Question 1

What are the basic steps in neuronal communication?

Answer 1

1. action potential

2. synaptic potentials

Question 2

What are the main inhibitory and excitatory transmitters In the forebrain?

Answer 2

GABA (inhibatory) and Glutamate (exhibitory)

Question 3

What are the basic mechanisms of cell death?

Answer 3

role of calcium

Question 4

Name some other cells in the CNA to control neuronal functioning!

Answer 4

1. glial cells

Question 5

What is the main importance of NMDA recepters and calcium?

Answer 5

1. Synaptic plasticity
2. Neuronal death

NMDA
- NMDA is a typer of glutamate receptor
- NMDA lead to depolarization
- NMDA is an ion channel receptor
- Depolarization
—> - Letting Na+ and Ca2+ions in and k+ ions out 

CALCIUM
-ca2+ flux is important to synaptic plasticity because it a cellular mechanism for learning and memory

Question 6

Name some other NT pathways and their role!

Answer 6

1. Acethylcholine (ACh)
2. Noradrenaline
3. Dopamine
4. Seretonin
   5.

Question 7

Name some other cells in the CNA to control neuronal functioning!

Answer 7

GLIAL CELLS
—>Microglia
—> Asterocytes
—> Oligodendrocytes

Question 8

WHT THE NEED FOR SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS?

Answer 8

To eventually trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 9

WHT THE NEED FOR SYNAPTIC POTENTIALS?

Answer 9

To eventually trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron

Question 10

How many inputs does a neuron get?

Answer 10

A single neuron receives many excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from different neurons.

The inputs sum up and lead to a depolarization. If over above threshold, an action potential is generated

Question 11

How many inputs does a neuron get?

Answer 11

A single neuron receives many excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs from different neurons.

The inputs sum up and lead to a depolarization. If over above threshold, an action potential is generated

Question 12

What is an excitatory neuotransmittor?

Answer 12

Neurotransmitter that lead to depolarizing synaptic potentials.
- Positiv ions go on (Na or Ca)

Question 13

What is inhibitory neurotransmitters?

Answer 13

Neurotransmitter that lead to hyperpolarizing synaptic potentials.
- Negative ions (Cl) OR positive ions (K) go out

Question 14

What is the main excitatory NT throughout the brain?

Answer 14

Glutamate

Question 15

What is the main inhibitory NT throughout the brain?

Answer 15

GABA

Question 16

What is the role of NMDA in synaptic plasticity?

Answer 16

1. Blocked by Mg at resting MP High frequency inputs
2. Depolarization
3. Removal of the Mg block
4. Calcium entry
   5.Trigger of a metabolic cascade to promote further reinsertion of AMPA receptors at the synapse
   —>SYNAPTIC REINFORCEMENT

Question 17

What is microglia?

Answer 17

Works as the “immune surveillance system”
—> healthy neurons inhibit microglia
—> damaged neurons activate microglia

Question 18

What is astrocytes?

Answer 18

• Astrocytes feed the neurons

- Astrocytes control neurotransmitter leves at synapses

Question 19

What is Oligodendrocyter?

Answer 19

Oligodendrocytes helps to formate myelin, which increase conduction velocity

Question 20

What is Acetylcholine (ACh)?

Answer 20

is a neurotransmittor in the cholinercig synaps and therefor effect the learning and memory, fine movement control and REM Sleep control

Question 21

What is the function of noradrenalin?

Answer 21

NA:s functions in the central nerve system is:

1. arousal
2. Blood pressure control
3. Mood control

Question 22

Name 2 subsystems of the automated nervous system (ANS)!

Answer 22

1. The Sympathic nervous system
   —> “Fight or flight”
2. The Parasympathic nervous system
   —> “Rest and digest!”

Question 23

What is the function of Dopamine?

Answer 23

Relavant for:

1. parkinson disease
2. Schizophrenia
3. Drug abuse
4. Endocrine control

Question 24

How does dopamine effect drug use?

Answer 24

Drugs of abuse reinforce the dopaminergic projections from the VTA to the Nucleus accumben, by interfering with dopaminergic, glutamatergic or GABAergic synapses

Question 25

What is seretonin?

Answer 25

Seretonin is the NT most related to neuropsychopharmacology

The antidepressive medicine Fluoxetine is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor