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Tecnico, Neuroengineering > T16, Brain modulation (Agostinho Rosa) > Flashcards

T16, Brain modulation (Agostinho Rosa) Flashcards

1
Q

implicit learning?

A

Implicit learning is unconscious

  • nondeclarative
  • -> you cannot say or declare how you do it. you just do it.
  • riding a bike?
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2
Q

explicit learning?

A 
Explicit learning is conscious
- declarative
1. study some language
2. meditation
3.
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3
Q

when did neurofeedback studies begin?

A

1951

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4
Q

why so long time Tod develop this method?

A
  1. the electrons and equipment has developed during the years
  2. research are mostly from psychologist
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5
Q

when is the peak for alpha frequency?

A

when you close your eyes

–> different speeds for different ages

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6
Q

epilipsy?

A

reduce frequency in feedback

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7
Q

EEG Base rytm is general?

A

yes it is general, but all people has different ranges so this could be better specified if you use personalized analysis

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8
Q

what different types of feedback is there?

A
  1. graphical
  2. acoustic
  3. psysical
  4. haptic
  5. immersive VR
    - -> prize is going down
    - ->
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9
Q

rytm maps?

A

to see where the most active areas in the brain are

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10
Q

which is the most important link?

A

operant condiationing

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11
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

A type of learning in which
—> strength of a behavior is modified by the behavior’s consequences (drawling pavlov)
—> behavior is controlled by the discriminative stimuli chic come to signal those consequences (pavlov’s bell)

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12
Q

what is QEEG?

A

Quantitative EEG
- applicants mostly to clinical tests
- extension of the analysis of the visual EEG interpretation
- procedure that processes the recorded EEG activity from a multi-electrode recording a computer.
—> Fourier or wavelet analysis
—> Processed EEG converts to Brain maps

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13
Q

data base?

A

black= no difference
red=
blue=

negative?

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14
Q

Which imaging/recording methods ha

A
  1. EEG
    —> has always been the most important method
  2. fMRI
    —> has the fastest increase of publications
  3. MEG & fNIRS very slowly
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15
Q

What is the individualized approach?

A

Different bains demend different approaches - Hammond

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16
Q

What can we say about the plasticity of the brain?

A
  1. The brain is structurally and functionally plastic
  2. The brain is conditioning and altering EEG rhythms facilitates changes in this plasticity go the neural circuitry
  3. The ability to adapt, learn and reinforce specific EEG rhythm under proper conditions can make lasting changes in the neural circuits and thalamocortical loops underlying the activity that we record as EEG
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17
Q

Facts about EEG?

A
  1. UNDERLYING SIGNAL
    - electrical activity from pyramidal cells perpendicular to the scalp
  2. FEEDBACK SIGNAL SOURCE
    - Central electrode
    - multi-electrode cap
  3. DELAY
    - <50ms
  4. RESOLUTION
    - temporal: milliseconds
    - spatial: centimeters
    . depth: superficial
  5. PORTABILITY
    yes
  6. COST
    - 500-50,000(€?)
  7. LITERATURE
    - Plenty
  8. APPLICATIONS
    - Pediatric ADHD
    - Epilepsy
    - psychological disorders
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18
Q

Facts about MEG?

A
  1. UNDERLYING SIGNAL
    - Magnetic field produced by pyramidal cells perpendicular and tangential to the cortical surface
  2. FEEDBACK SIGNAL SOURCE
    - Sensors over sensorimotor cortex
  3. DELAY
    - <50ms
  4. RESOLUTION
    - temporal: milliseconds
    - spatial: 10 mm
    . depth: depth constrains interpolation accuracy
  5. PORTABILITY
    - no
  6. COST
    - 2,000,000
    - 500/h
  7. LITERATURE
    - not os much
  8. APPLICATIONS
    - Brain computer interfaces
    - (experimental)
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19
Q

Facts about fMRI?

A
  1. UNDERLYING SIGNAL
    - Blood oxygenation level dependent contrast (related to brain activity)
  2. FEEDBACK SIGNAL SOURCE
    - single brain regions
    - (3x3 mm voxels)
  3. DELAY
    - 1.5 s ( plus 4-6 s hemodynamic delay)
  4. RESOLUTION
    - temporal: seconds
    - spatial: millimeters
    . depth: deep
  5. PORTABILITY
    - no
  6. COST
    - 500/hour
  7. LITERATURE
    - moderate
  8. APPLICATIONS
    - psychological conditions
    —> chronic pain
    —> depression
    —> schizophrenia
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20
Q

Facts about fNIRS?

A
  1. UNDERLYING SIGNAL
    - Volume of exygenation level in the blood (relates to neural activity)
  2. FEEDBACK SIGNAL SOURCE
    - Several sensors over sensorimotor cortex
  3. DELAY
    - 0.5 s ( plus 4-6 s hemodynamic delay)
  4. RESOLUTION
    - temporal: seconds
    - spatial: centimeters
    . depth: superficial
  5. PORTABILITY
    - yes
  6. COST
    - 50,000-300, 000
  7. LITERATURE
    - not so much
  8. APPLICATIONS
    - Brain computer interfaces
    - stroke rehabilitation
21
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities has the most and the least delay? (also correlated with temporal resolution)

A 
1. EEG
—> <50ms
2. MEG
—> <50ms
3. fNIRS
—> 0.5 s (plys hemodynamic delay)
4. fMRI
—> 1.5  ( plus demodynamix delay)
22
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities has the best spatial resolution?

A
  1. EEG & fNIRS
    —> centimeters
  2. fMRI & MEG
    —> millimeters
23
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities has the best depth resolution?

A 
1. fMRI
—> can image any region
2. MEG
—> Depth constraints interpolation accuracy.
3. EEG &amp; fNIRS
—> superficial
24
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities is portable?

A

PORTABLE

  1. EEG
  2. fNIRS

NOT PORTABLE

  1. MEG
  2. fMRI
25
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities is the cheapest one?

A 
1. EEG 
—> 500-50,000
2. fNIRS
—>50,000-300,000
3. fMRI
—>500,000-2,000,000
—> 500/hours
4. MEG
—> 2,000,000
—> 500/hour
26
Q

Which of the neurofeedback imaging modalities is available for clients?

A

AVAILABLE
- EEG

NOT AVAILABLE

  • MEG
  • fNIRS
  • fMRI
27
Q

The different frequency bands, their frequency Range and Location?

A 
BAND: Delta
FREQUENCY: <4 Hz
LOCATION: Diffuse
CHARACTERISRICS:
—> sleep
—> reparis
—>problem solving
—> unawareness
BAND: Theta 
FREQUENCY: 4-8 Hz
LOCATION: Lateral Lobes
—> creativity
—> insight
—> depression
—> anxiety
—> distractability
—> optimal meditative state
BAND: Alpha 
FREQUENCY: 8-12 Hz 
LOCATION: Occipital
—> alterness
—> peacefulness
—> meditation
—> deeply-relaxed
BAND: Beta
FREQUENCY: 12-30 Hz 
LOCATION: Central
—> thinking
—> focus
—> excitement
—>sustained attention
BAND: Gamma
FREQUENCY: >30 Hz
LOCATION: Frontal
—> learning
—> cognitive processing
—> problem solving
—> mental sharpness
—> organize the brain
28
Q

what can we say about individual alpha frequency?

A
  • depending on age
  • also depending on memory performance and other factors
  • healthy young adults (9.5-11.5 Hz)
29
Q

broad vs narrow band studies?

A
  • unbiased alpha and beta power can only be obtained with narrow frequency bands adjusted to each individual
  • Majority of studies use broad, traditional fixed band analyses anyway
30
Q

what is IAF?

A

Individual Alpha Frequency

31
Q

classic conditioning?

A

Stimulithat signal events produce reflexive behavior
—> etc salivate when seeing candy
—> door slam causing child to tremble

32
Q

What is the objective of EEG & QEEG?

A
  • clinical tool to evaluate brain function

- to track the changes in brain function due to various interventions such as neurofeedback or medication

33
Q

Advantages with neurofeedback??

A
  1. long last effect
  2. relatively low cost
  3. non invasive
  4. no medication
  5. no clear side effects
  6. medium duration 20x15 min
  7. Target psycho-neurilogical disorders
34
Q

targets with neuronsfeedback?

A
  • ADHD
  • learning disabilities
  • depression
  • acqured brain injuries
  • substance abuse
  • anxiety
  • chronic pain
  • stroke
  • epilepsy
  • schizophrenia
35
Q

Limitations with neurofeedback?

A
  • feedback protocol
  • intensity of training
  • difficult to establish sham
  • uncertain working principles
  • needs capable subject/Patients
  • adjuntive therapies
  • more double-blind controlled studies
36
Q

feedback protocol?

A
  1. Number of EEG channels and placement
  2. Feedback features
  3. Enhence or inhibit
  4. Conditions control
37
Q

what is sham feedback?

A

feedback that does not reflect the subject’s actual physiological state

38
Q

What clinical application are there for Neurofeedback? (NF)

A 
Among many:
- schizophrenia
—> because medications has many side effects
-stroke rehabilitation
- Pain
-autism
- OCD
- ADHD
39
Q

How can you spot schizophrenia with EEG?

A
  1. abnormal EEG pattern:
    - creating anxiety, stress, paranoia
    —> to much beta (20-30 Hz)
    —> to little alpha
40
Q

Result using NF on schizophrenia?

A

Increased alpha
Decreased beta2

SPEECH

  • cearer
  • no delay
  • better respond

MOOD

  • less depressive
  • increase in confidence
  • mood became stable for more than 5 years
41
Q

How can NF help epilepsy?

A

Increase Alpha power
Decrease Theta power
—> Number of crisis has reduced
(stress related)

42
Q

Neurofeedbac in performance enhancement?

A
  1. accuracy
  2. attention- concentration
  3. spatial orientation
  4. creativity
  5. balance
  6. working memory
  7. reaction time
  8. perifera,vision
  9. visual discrimination
43
Q

How can NF improve cognitive performance?

A

Increasing individual upper alpha power by neurofeedback improves cognitive performance in human subjects

44
Q

What is neurofeedback?

A

Neurofeedback is a type of biofeedback that uses real time displays of brain activity to teach self-regulation of brain function

—> electroencephalography (EEG),
—> sensors are placed on the scalp to measure activity
—> measurements displayed using video displays or sound

45
Q

When did EEG-nf begin?

A

1958

46
Q

When did fMRI-nf begin?

A

2003

47
Q

When did fNIRS-nf begin?

A

2007

48
Q

When did MEG-nf begin?

A

2005

49
Q

what frequency is sigma band?

A

Low beta

—> 12-16 Hz

Tecnico, Neuroengineering (29 decks)

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