Exam, Neuroscience basics 2

Question 1

Name some facts concerning memory organization!

Answer 1

Immediate memory is supported by networks in the frontal lobes

Question 2

Name some facts concerning the development of language organization!

Answer 2

the ventral pathway develops earlier than the dorsal language pathway

Question 3

Clinical studies in individuals with left hemisphere have shown that there is an anatomical segregation of word processing related to word meaning. Name a fact about this.

Answer 3

proper names and common names do not dissociate

Question 4

name some fact regarding language recovery after a left hemisphere lesion!

Answer 4

The amount of recovery is determined by lesion size and initial severity of impairment

Question 5

Name some info about the neurotransmitter noradrenaline!

Answer 5

Noradrenaline is one of the targets of the action of cocaine, which inhibits noradrenaline uptake

Question 6

Name some facts about glial cells!

Answer 6

1. astrocytes contribute to maintain neurons in a healthy state
2. astrocytes take up glutamate
3. oligodendrocytes contribute to fasten neural communication

Question 7

name some information about dopamine!

Answer 7

1. dopamin is relevant for the fine control of movements
2. dopamin is the neurotransmitter mostly involved in the communication between the ventral tegmental area and the nucleus accumben
3. dopamin is one of the targets for kokain which inhibits dopamine uptake

Question 8

name a false statement about dopamine

Answer 8

dopamin is NOT in the control of the heart rate

Question 9

name a false statement about the glial cell!

Answer 9

healthy neurons activate microglia proliferation

Question 10

name something about synaptic plasticity

Answer 10

requires alteration of the number of GABAergic receptors at the post-synaptic zone

Question 11

name some language organization information about the dorsal pathway!

Answer 11

1. the dorsal pathway is responsible for acoustic-articulatory mapping
2. the dorsal pathway is recruited during pseudo word repetition

Question 12

name some language organization information about the ventral pathway!

Answer 12

the ventral pathway processes word meaning

Question 13

clinical studies in individuals with aphasia have shown that not all words are pressed equally in the brain. Name some info about this!

Answer 13

1. proper names and common names are partly processed by independent networks
2. there are dissociation in which individuals can name tools but not living entities
3. the study of word dissociations has contributed to the understanding of the organization of the semantic system

Question 14

is it true that the category specific dissociation have only been described in subjects with sensory defecs

Answer 14

NO, this is not true regarding individuals with aphasia

Question 15

name some facts about language recovery following left hemisphere lesions!

Answer 15

1. recovery is observed not only in children and young adults but also in adults
2. there is a dynamic process for recovery that involves both hemispheres
3. there is scientific evidence that speech and language therapy are associated with a better recovery

Question 16

which hemisphere language reorganization is associated with better functional recovery?

Answer 16

?

Question 17

give example of something that is part of the semantic memory!

Answer 17

memory for public events and public faces

Question 18

what is word meaning part of?

Answer 18

?

Question 19

what different part of memories are there?

Answer 19

1. declarative memory
2. episodic memory
3. sematic memory
4. primary memory
   etc. .

Question 20

name some facts considering mechanisms of excitability!

Answer 20

1. the amplitude of the synaptic potential may change by several millivolts
2. Ca+2 entry into the nerve terminal may lead to the release of inhibitory neurotransmitters
3. receptors for neurotransmitters may act as ion channels
4. an action potential is generated when the cell membrane at the beginning of the axon depolarizes the membrane of the axon above the threshold of opening of natrium channels.

Question 21

name an inhibitory neurotransmitterreceptor!

Answer 21

The GABA receptor is an inhibitory neurotransmitterreceptor

Question 22

what is a AMPA receptor?

Answer 22

?

Question 23

what is a NMDA receptor?

Answer 23

?

Question 24

name something about the synaptic plasticity at the hippocampus!

Answer 24

the synaptic plasticity at the hippocampus requires the activation of AMPA receptors before activation of NMDA receptors

Question 25

what is acetylcholine?

Answer 25

a neurotransmitter relevant for memory