T4L5 Plant cell structures Flashcards
Name 7 structures unique to plant cells
Vacuole / tonoplast
Amyloplasts
Chloroplasts
Pits
Plasmodesmata
Middle lamella
Cell
wall
Function of vacuole
Maintains strength and structure of the plant cell through hydrostatic pressure
Function of cell wall
Strength, structre and protection
What is cell wall made of
Cellulose
Function of tonoplast
Vacuole membrane
Function of amyloplast
Vesicles to store starch
Function of chloroplast
Convert light energy into carbohydrates
Where is the middle lamella
In between cell walls
What is in the middle lamella
Pectin
What is pectin
Cement like substance that glues plant cells together
What are the plasmodesmata
Channels joining the cystoplasms between connected adjacent cells
What are pits
Underdeveloped plasmodesmata that can develop if required
What type of glucose is starch made from
Alpha
What type of glucose is cellulose made from
Beta
What is the difference in alpha glucose to beta glucose
On C1
Alpha has H at the top OH at the bottom
This is inverted in beta
What are the bonds between beta-glucose in starch
1,4-glycosidic
Explain the flipping and directions of bonds and molecules when beta-glucose is joined together in a condensation reaction
Every other b-glucose molecule is flipped upside down
This means each alternate 1,4-glycosidic bond is pointed upwards or downwards
Because this is more stable
Name the two substances in starch
Amylose and Amylopectin
Describe amylose
Unbranched (1)
Long straight chains (1)
Of a-glucose Bonded by 1,4-glycosidic bonds (1)
Compact (1)
Cylindrical coiled shape (1)
Is amylose compact, explain the effect
Yes
It is good for storing lots of energy
Describe amylopectin
Branched
Chains of a-glucose containing 1,4-glycosidic bonds
Side chains attached by 1,6-glycosidic bonds
Side chains mean it is more easily hydrolysed
Is amylopectin branched, explain the effect
YES
more rapidly hydrolysed for faster energy release
Is starch soluble
no
What type of glucose is cellulose made of
Beta
