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NURS 309 > T4: Older adults > Flashcards

T4: Older adults Flashcards

1
Q

teaching strategies for those diagnosed with dementia (4)

A
  • Provide education and support early to prepare for future events
  • Encourage families and caregivers to work together
  • Educational programming should be culturally sensitive
  • Use technology to reach out to families; Zoom, skype, or facetime
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2
Q

teaching strategies for older adults (8)

A
  • Ensure the patient is ready to learn; Be alert for cues of pain and fatigue
  • Create a comfortable environment
  • Adapt teaching materials for culture, language, and health literacy
  • Focus on concrete information about the topic and relate to past experiences as appropriate
  • Use printed materials with large black font on either cream or white paper
  • Use clear, concise language; avoid medical terminology
  • Use pictures, demonstrations, videos, and other methods to augment spoken language
  • Allow the patient time to process information and ask questions
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3
Q

how to evaluate education of older adults

A

teach-back

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4
Q

common physiological changes with age assessment

A

SPICE

  • sleep disorders
  • problems with eating or feeding
  • incontinence
  • confusion
  • evidence of falls
  • skin breakdown
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5
Q

common changes to integumentary system with age (6)

A

-Loss of skin elasticity with fat loss in extremities
-Pigmentation changes
-Glandular atrophy; Oil, moisture, sweat glands
-Thinning hair/ hair turning gray-white
Men: facial hair decreases
Women: facial hair increases
-Slower nail growth
-Atrophy of epidermal arterioles

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6
Q

common changes to respiratory system with age (4)

A
  • Decreased cough reflex and ciliary activity
  • Increased anterior-posterior chest diameter
  • Increased chest wall rigidity
  • Few alveoli, increased airway resistance
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7
Q

common changes to cardiovascular system with age (8)

A
  • Thickening of blood vessel walls
  • Narrowing of vessel lumen -Loss of vessel elasticity
  • Lower cardiac output
  • Decreased number of heart muscle fibers
  • Decreased elasticity and calcification of heart valves
  • Decreased baroreceptor sensitivity
  • Decreased efficiency of venous valves
  • Increased pulmonary vascular tension
  • Increased systolic blood pressure
  • Decreased peripheral circulation
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8
Q

common changes to gastrointestinal system with age (10)

A
  • Periodontal disease
  • Decrease in saliva, gastric secretions, and pancreatic enzymes
  • Smooth muscle changes with decreased peristalsis and small intestinal motility
  • Gastric atrophy
  • Decreased production of intrinsic factor
  • Increased stomach pH
  • Loss of smooth muscle in the stomach
  • Hemorrhoids
  • Rectal prolapse
  • Impaired rectal sensation
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9
Q

common changes to musculoskeletal system with aging (5)

A
  • Decreased muscle mass and strength
  • Decalcification of bones
  • Degenerative joint changes
  • Dehydration of intervertebral disks
  • Fat tissue increases
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10
Q

common changes to neurological system with aging (3)

A
  • Degeneration of nerve cells
  • Decrease in neurotransmitters
  • Decrease in rate of conduction of impulses
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11
Q

common changes to eye site with aging (6)

A
  • Decreased accommodation to near/far vision (presbyopia)
  • Difficulty adjusting to changes from light to dark
  • Yellowing of the lens
  • Altered color perception
  • Increased sensitivity to glare
  • Smaller pupils
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12
Q

common changes to hearing with age (4)

A
  • Loss of acuity for high-frequency tones (presbycusis)
  • Thickening of tympanic membrane
  • Sclerosis of inner ear
  • Build up of earwax (cerumen)
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13
Q

changes to taste with aging (2)

A
  • Often diminished

- Often fewer taste buds

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14
Q

changes to smell with aging

A

often diminished

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15
Q

changes to touch with aging

A

decreased skin receptors

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16
Q

changes to proprioception with aging

A

decreased awareness of body positioning in space

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17
Q

changes to genitourinary system with aging (5)

A
  • Fewer nephrons
  • 50% decrease in renal blood flow by age 80
  • Decreased bladder capacity
  • Males have enlargement of prostate
  • Females have reduction of sphincter tone
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18
Q

male reproductive changes in older adults (3)

A
  • Sperm count diminished
  • Smaller testes
  • Erections less firm and slow to develop
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19
Q

female reproductive changes in older adults (4)

A
  • Decreased estrogen production
  • Degeneration of ovaries
  • Atrophy of vagina, uterus, and breasts
  • Dryness of vaginal mucosa
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20
Q

change to general endocrine system of older adults

A

§ Alterations in hormone production with decreased ability to respond to stress

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21
Q

change to thyroid of older adults

A

Diminished secretions

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22
Q

change to cortisol, glucocorticoids of older adults

A

Increased anti-inflammatory hormone

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23
Q

changes to pancreas in older adults (3)

A
  • Increased fibrosis
  • Decreased secretion of enzymes and hormones
  • Decreased sensitivity to insulin
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24
Q

changes to immune system of older adults (3)

A
  • Thymus decreases in size and volume
  • T-cell function decreases
  • Core temperature elevation is lowered
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25
Q

standard assessment forms for determining a patient’s mental status (3)

A
  • mini mental state exam 2 (MMSE-2)
  • mini-cog
  • clock drawing test
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26
Q

three common conditions affecting cognition

A
  • delirium
  • dementia
  • depression
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27
Q

acute confessional state

A

delirium

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28
Q

delirium is characterized by

A

§ acute change in attention and awareness that develops over a relatively short time interval

29
Q

delirium is associated with additional cognitive deficits such as:

A
  • memory deficit
  • disorientation
  • perceptual disturbances
30
Q

delirium occurs in ______% of patients

A

20-70%, very common

31
Q

characterized by agitation, restlessness, emotional lability, and psychotic features such as hallucinations and illusions that often interfere with the delivery of care

A

hyperactive delirium

32
Q

T/F: It is possible for delirium and dementia to occur at the same time

A

true

33
Q

generalized impairment of intellectual functioning that interferes with social and occupational functioning

A

dementia

34
Q

dementia is characterized by

A

gradual, progressive, and irreversible decline in cerebral function

35
Q

dementia behaviors are expressions of an unmet need, including (4)

A

hunger
pain
anxiety
void/defication

36
Q

person centered care of person with dementia

A
  • Know the person as an individual
  • Recognize and accept the person’s reality, don’t try to reorient the person
  • Support opportunities for meaningful interactions
  • Nurture authentic, caring relationships
  • Maintain a supportive community for the person with dementia, the person’s family, and staff
37
Q

most common, yet most undetected and untreated, impairment in older adulthood

A

depression

38
Q

scale used to screen for depression in older adulthood

A

geriatric depression scale

39
Q

geriatric depression can be treated with

A

medication, psychotherapy, or both

40
Q

sometimes used for treatment of resistant depression

A

electroconvulsive therapy

41
Q

highest suicide rate of any age-group

A

85 and older

42
Q

T/F suicide attempts in older adults are often successful

A

true

43
Q

Healthy People 2030 objectives for older adults

A
  • general health
  • dementia
  • foodborn illness
  • injury prevention
  • oral conditions
  • osteoporosis
  • respiratory disease
  • sensory or communication disorders
44
Q

health people 2030: general health

A
  • Improve physical activity for older adults with physical or cognitive health problems
  • Reduce rate of pressure injuries during hospitalization
  • Reduce hospital admissions among older adults with diabetes
45
Q

health people 2030: dementia

A
  • Improved awareness

- Prevention of hospitalizations

46
Q

health people 2030: food borne illness

A
  • Reduce infections caused by Listeria

- Reduce rate of hospital admissions for UTIs

47
Q

health people 2030: injury prevention

A
  • Reduce fall-related deaths
  • Reduce the proportion of older adults who use inappropriate medications
  • Reduce emergency department visits due to falls
48
Q

health people 2030: oral conditions

A

Reduce the proportion of older adults with untreated root surface decay, loss of all teeth, and moderate and severe periodontitis

49
Q

health people 2030: osteoporosis

A
  • Reduce hip fractures among older adults

- Increase the proportion of older adults who get treated for osteoporosis after fractures

50
Q

health people 2030: respiratory disease

A

Reduce the rate of hospital admissions for pneumonia and asthma

51
Q

health people 2030: sensory or communication disorders

A

Reduce vision loss from age-related macular degeneration

52
Q

barriers for older adults (7)

A
  • Previous health care experiences
  • Personal motivation
  • Health beliefs
  • Culture
  • Health literacy
  • Transportation
  • Finances
53
Q

all physiological concerns of older adults (12)

A 
Heart disease
Cancer
Chronic lung disease	
Stroke
Smoking	
Alcohol abuse
Nutrition
Dental problems
Exercise	Falls
Sensory impairment
Pain
Medication use
54
Q

leading causes of detain in older adults

A

heart disease and cancer

55
Q

3rd leading cause of death in older adults

A

COPD

56
Q

4th leading cause of death

A

stroke

57
Q

risk factor associated with top 4 leading cause of deaths in older adults

A

smoking

58
Q

communication technique that makes an older adult more aware of person, place, and time

A

reality orientation

59
Q

alternative approach to communication with an older adult who is confused by accepting the description of time and place as stated by the older adult

A

validation therapy

60
Q

method or technique to recall past memories

A

reminiscence

61
Q

two types of restorative care

A
  • continuation of recovery from acute illness or surgery that began in the acute care setting
  • Support of chronic conditions that affect day-to-day functioning
62
Q

complex, multifaceted, and encompasses a broad range of abuses of older adults

A

elder mistreatment

63
Q

occurs when older adults experience illness, pain, or injury as the result of physical force or the threat of physical injury

A

physical abuse

64
Q

verbal and nonverbal behaviors that inflect mental pain, anguish, fear, and distress

A

Psychological and emotional abuse

65
Q

illegal taking, misuse, or concealment of money, benefits, property, or assets belonging to an elderly person

A

financial abuse

66
Q

nonconsensual sexual contact or activity of any kind’ coercing an elder to witness sexual behavior

A

sexual abuse

67
Q

refusal or failure by those responsible to meet basic needs

A

neglect

68
Q

most perpetrators of elder abuse are:

A

family caregivers

NURS 309 (10 decks)

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