Ch 41 Terms Flashcards
also known as a myocardial infarction (MI) - results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion
Acute coronary syndrome
the resistance to the ejection of blood from the left ventricle - the heart works harder to overcome the resistance
afterload
transient imbalance between myocardial oxygen supply and demand
angina pectoris
provides assistance during inspiration and prevents alveolar closure during expiration - provides both inspiratory positive airway pressure and expiratory airway pressure
bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP)
procedure that lets us see patients lungs and air passages - a thin tube (bronchoscope) is passed through the patient’s nose or mouth, down their throat and into their lungs
bronchoscopy
noninvasive measurement of the partial pressure of carbon dioxide in exhaled breath
capnography
the amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute
cardiac output
helps patients achieve and maintain an optimal level of health through controlled physical exercise, nutritional counseling, relaxation and stress-management techniques, prescribed medications, and oxygen
Cardiopulmonary rehabilitiation
basic emergency procedure of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac massage
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
external chest wall manipulation using percussion, vibration, or high-frequency chest wall compression
Chest physiotherapy (CPT)
catheter inserted through the rib cage into the pleural space to remove air, fluids, or blood - to prevent air or fluid from reentering the pleural space - to reestablish normal intrapleural and intrapulmonary pressures after trauma or surgery
chest tube
occurs when there is decreased blood flow or injury to the brainstem - abnormal respiratory pattern with periods of apnea followed by periods of deep breathing and then shallow breathing followed by more apnea (type of breathing people do right before death)
Cheyne-stroke respiration
maintains a steady stream of pressure throughout a patient’s breathing cycle - used with obstructive sleep apnea
Continuous positive airway pressure (CPap)
increases tidal volume and decreases respiratory rate - leads to an overall improved breathing pattern and quality of life
Diaphragmatic breathing
responsible for moving the respiratory gasses from one area to another by concentration gradients
Diffusion
measurement of the electrical activity of the conduction system - monitors the regularity and path of the electrical impulse through the conduction system
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
short term artificial airway used to administer invasive mechanical ventilation, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, or clear secretions
Endotracheal (ET) tube
bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract
hematemesis
bloody sputum
hemoptysis
accumulation of blood and fluid in the pleural space usually from trauma - produces a counter pressure and prevents the lung from full expansion
hemothorax
process of adding water to gas to keep airways moist - necessary for patients receiving oxygen therapy at high flow rates
humidification
the lungs remove carbon dioxide faster than it is produced by cellular metabolism - severe anxiety, infection, drugs, or an acid-base imbalance will cause it
hyperventilation
occurs when alveolar ventilation is inadequate to meet the oxygen demand of the body or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
Hypoventilation
reduced circulating blood volume
Hypovolemia
inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
Hypoxia
tool used to encourage voluntary deep breathing - patients must inhale
Incentive spirometry
lifesaving technique used with artificial airways
Invasive mechanical ventilation
> 35 breaths/min
Kussmaul respiration
also known as acute coronary syndrome (ACS) - results from sudden decreases in coronary blood flow or an increase in myocardial oxygen demand without adequate coronary perfusion
Myocardial infarction (MI)
results when the supply of blood to the myocardium from the coronary arteries is insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
myocardial ischemia
has 2 nasal prongs that are slightly curved and inserted in a patient’s nostrils
nasal cannula
adds moisture to inspired air by mixing particles of varying sizes with the air - enhances mucociliary clearance allowing the body to remove mucus and cellular debris from the respiratory tract
neubulization
maintains positive airway pressure and improves alveolar ventilation without the need for an artificial airway - CPAP and BiPAP
noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation (NPPV)
abnormal condition in which a patient uses multiple pillows when reclining to breathe easier or sits leaning forward with arms elevated
orthopnea
relates to the ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to the tissues and return deoxygenated blood to the lungs
perfusion
collection of air in the pleural space causing loss of negative intrapleural pressure causing the lung to collapse
pneumothroax
component of pulmonary hygiene - consists of drainage, positioning, and turning, sometimes accompanied by chest percussion and vibration - aids in improving secretion clearance and oxygenation
postural drainage
the amount of blood in the left ventricle at the end of diastole before the next contraction
preload
involves deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
pursed-lip breathing
volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during systole
stroke volume
long-term artificial airway - tracheostomy tube is inserted directly into the trachea through a small incision made in a patient’s neck
tracheostomy
process of moving gasses into and out of the lungs, with air flowing into the lungs during inhalation (inspiration) and out of the lungs during exhalation (expiration)
ventilation
common health-associated infection in the ICU - pneumonia that develops greater than 48 hours after insertion of artificial airway or initiation of mechanical ventilation
ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)
life-threatening rhythms that require immediate intervention - decreased cardiac output - sudden cardiac death
ventricular fibrillation
life-threatening rhythms that require immediate intervention - decreased cardiac output - sudden cardiac death
ventricular tachycardia
