T3: Terror Flashcards
when were September Massacres?
Sep 1792
how many killed in September Massacres?
at least 1,400
when was Committee of General Security set up?
Oct 1792
what did the CGS do?
oversaw revolutionary justice in Paris. 12 people.
what does CGS stand for?
Committee of General Security
when were the first wave of Representatives on Mission deployed to the provinces?
march 1793
when did reps on mission become placed under control of CPS?
july 1793
what were reps on mission initially responsible for?
ensuring conscription carried out in the provinces
how did the role of reps on mission expand?
important link between the provinces and CPS. Some rooted out local officials they deemed to be anti-Jacobin- important in suppression of federalism.
what are examples of some atrocities that reps on mission are responsible for?
Carrier sanctioned brutal executions in the Loire following Vendean revolts, d’Herbois ordered execution of 1,900 in Lyon following federalist revolt there.
what were Watch Committees?
Each commune or department had to appoint a committee of 12 people - monitored all foreign and suspicious individuals in their area. If too suspicious, sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal.
when were Watch Committees established?
march 1793
when was the Revolutionary Tribunal created?
10th March 1793
what was the Revolutionary Tribunal?
Tried suspects accused of counter-revolutionary activity.
why was the Revolutionary Tribunal created?
Danton said the power of revolutionary justice needed to be taken out of the hands of the sans-culottes and controlled by the state
the Revolutionary Tribunal was under the authority of…
the Committee of General Security
what was the punishment for a guilty verdict from the Revolutionary Tribunal?
death
was the Revolutionary Tribunal fair? why?
no - judges and jurors hand-picked
stat for number of people executed by the Rev Tribunal?
March 1793 - 10 June 1794: 1,251 executed.
what percentage of people executed by the Rev Tribunal were 3rd Estate?
85%
what was created on the 10th March 1793?
the Revolutionary Tribunal
what law came into action in March 1793?
Law of 19 March
what did the Law of 19 March stipulate?
that Rebels caught bearing arms or possessing royalist insignia put to death within 24 hours without trial. If unarmed, tried by criminal courts- death if found guilty.
what power was given to reps on mission by the law of 19 March?
gave licence to enact severe punishment upon insurgent departments.
how many people were put to death as a result of the Law of 19 March?
10,000-12,000 put to death under this law.
what law meant that rebels could be put to death without trial if armed?
Law of 19 March
which law expanded the powers of reps on mission?
Law of 19 March
what provoked the passing of the Law of 19 March?
uprising in the Vendee (March 1793)
when did Dumouriez defect?
April 1793
when was the CPS established?
6 April 1793
why was the CPS created?
due to numerous crises facing France
when are Robespierre and Saint-Just are elected to the Committee of Public Safety?
27th July 1793
when is the first wave of federalist revolts?
march 1793
when is the second wave of federalist revolts?
august 1793
how many departments experience unrest due to federalist revolts?
60/85
where are the most serious federalist revolts?
Bordeaux, Marseilles, Lyon and Toulon.
what law marks the beginning of the Terror?
the Law of Suspects
when was the Law of Suspects?
17th Sept 1793
why was the Law of Suspects passed?
pressure from SC and PC (march on Convention 4-5 sep)
what did the Law of Suspects do?
Broad and vague definition of opposition to the revolution meant it was open to abuse.
Could be imprisoned for not being enthusiastic about the revolution
how many were imprisoned because of the Law of Suspects? how many died in prison?
300,000 across France by the next summer.
10,000 dies in prison
stat for Paris prisons as a result of Law of Suspects?
In Paris alone 50 new prisons had to be created to hold some 7,000 suspects
what are some examples of show trials after Law of Suspects?
Marie Antionette 14th Oct
Girondins 31st Oct
what is a show trial?
verdict only ever going to be guilty
what instruments of Terror were introduced in march 1793?
- Reps on Mission
- Watch Committees
- Revolutionary Tribunal
- Law of 19 March
when was Marie Antionette executed?
16th Oct 1793
when does the new revolutionary calendar come into effect?
5th Oct 1793
when was the federalist revolt in Lyon defeated?
9th Oct 1793
how was Lyon punished?
rep on mission d’Herbois ordered 1,900 to be executed (in addition to those who had starved in siege)
when is the Vendean army defeated?
Dec 1793
what law was introduced in response to the Vendee and federalist revolts?
Law of Frimaire
when was the Law of Frimaire?
4 Dec 1793
was the aim of the Law of Frimaire?
to increase central control of the revolutionary government.
what did the Law of Frimaire do?
- Gave the CPS the power to purge local government officials
- placed representatives on mission under control of CPS
- forbade existence of revolutionary armies outside Paris
what did the Law of Frimaire represent?
Step towards dictatorship- more powers moved from Convention to Committee and prevent local opposition to the central government.
when was the General Police Bureau created?
March 1794
what was the General Police Bureau?
Created in Paris to gather intelligence about enemies of the revolution. Reported directly to Robespierre - powerful weapon to denounce and arrest his opponents
when was the Law of Prairial?
10 June 1794
what was the Law of Prairial?
- no defence needed in a trial
- juries could decide using own moral judgements
