T3: Terror Flashcards

1
Q

when were September Massacres?

A

Sep 1792

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2
Q

how many killed in September Massacres?

A

at least 1,400

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3
Q

when was Committee of General Security set up?

A

Oct 1792

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4
Q

what did the CGS do?

A

oversaw revolutionary justice in Paris. 12 people.

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5
Q

what does CGS stand for?

A

Committee of General Security

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6
Q

when were the first wave of Representatives on Mission deployed to the provinces?

A

march 1793

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7
Q

when did reps on mission become placed under control of CPS?

A

july 1793

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8
Q

what were reps on mission initially responsible for?

A

ensuring conscription carried out in the provinces

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9
Q

how did the role of reps on mission expand?

A

important link between the provinces and CPS. Some rooted out local officials they deemed to be anti-Jacobin- important in suppression of federalism.

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10
Q

what are examples of some atrocities that reps on mission are responsible for?

A

Carrier sanctioned brutal executions in the Loire following Vendean revolts, d’Herbois ordered execution of 1,900 in Lyon following federalist revolt there.

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11
Q

what were Watch Committees?

A

Each commune or department had to appoint a committee of 12 people - monitored all foreign and suspicious individuals in their area. If too suspicious, sent to the Revolutionary Tribunal.

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12
Q

when were Watch Committees established?

A

march 1793

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13
Q

when was the Revolutionary Tribunal created?

A

10th March 1793

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14
Q

what was the Revolutionary Tribunal?

A

Tried suspects accused of counter-revolutionary activity.

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15
Q

why was the Revolutionary Tribunal created?

A

Danton said the power of revolutionary justice needed to be taken out of the hands of the sans-culottes and controlled by the state

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16
Q

the Revolutionary Tribunal was under the authority of…

A

the Committee of General Security

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17
Q

what was the punishment for a guilty verdict from the Revolutionary Tribunal?

A

death

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18
Q

was the Revolutionary Tribunal fair? why?

A

no - judges and jurors hand-picked

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19
Q

stat for number of people executed by the Rev Tribunal?

A

March 1793 - 10 June 1794: 1,251 executed.

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20
Q

what percentage of people executed by the Rev Tribunal were 3rd Estate?

A

85%

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21
Q

what was created on the 10th March 1793?

A

the Revolutionary Tribunal

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22
Q

what law came into action in March 1793?

A

Law of 19 March

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23
Q

what did the Law of 19 March stipulate?

A

that Rebels caught bearing arms or possessing royalist insignia put to death within 24 hours without trial. If unarmed, tried by criminal courts- death if found guilty.

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24
Q

what power was given to reps on mission by the law of 19 March?

A

gave licence to enact severe punishment upon insurgent departments.

25
Q

how many people were put to death as a result of the Law of 19 March?

A

10,000-12,000 put to death under this law.

26
Q

what law meant that rebels could be put to death without trial if armed?

A

Law of 19 March

27
Q

which law expanded the powers of reps on mission?

A

Law of 19 March

28
Q

what provoked the passing of the Law of 19 March?

A

uprising in the Vendee (March 1793)

29
Q

when did Dumouriez defect?

A

April 1793

30
Q

when was the CPS established?

A

6 April 1793

31
Q

why was the CPS created?

A

due to numerous crises facing France

32
Q

when are Robespierre and Saint-Just are elected to the Committee of Public Safety?

A

27th July 1793

33
Q

when is the first wave of federalist revolts?

A

march 1793

34
Q

when is the second wave of federalist revolts?

A

august 1793

35
Q

how many departments experience unrest due to federalist revolts?

A

60/85

36
Q

where are the most serious federalist revolts?

A

Bordeaux, Marseilles, Lyon and Toulon.

37
Q

what law marks the beginning of the Terror?

A

the Law of Suspects

38
Q

when was the Law of Suspects?

A

17th Sept 1793

39
Q

why was the Law of Suspects passed?

A

pressure from SC and PC (march on Convention 4-5 sep)

40
Q

what did the Law of Suspects do?

A

Broad and vague definition of opposition to the revolution meant it was open to abuse.
Could be imprisoned for not being enthusiastic about the revolution

41
Q

how many were imprisoned because of the Law of Suspects? how many died in prison?

A

300,000 across France by the next summer.
10,000 dies in prison

42
Q

stat for Paris prisons as a result of Law of Suspects?

A

In Paris alone 50 new prisons had to be created to hold some 7,000 suspects

43
Q

what are some examples of show trials after Law of Suspects?

A

Marie Antionette 14th Oct
Girondins 31st Oct

44
Q

what is a show trial?

A

verdict only ever going to be guilty

45
Q

what instruments of Terror were introduced in march 1793?

A
  • Reps on Mission
  • Watch Committees
  • Revolutionary Tribunal
  • Law of 19 March
46
Q

when was Marie Antionette executed?

A

16th Oct 1793

47
Q

when does the new revolutionary calendar come into effect?

A

5th Oct 1793

48
Q

when was the federalist revolt in Lyon defeated?

A

9th Oct 1793

49
Q

how was Lyon punished?

A

rep on mission d’Herbois ordered 1,900 to be executed (in addition to those who had starved in siege)

50
Q

when is the Vendean army defeated?

A

Dec 1793

51
Q

what law was introduced in response to the Vendee and federalist revolts?

A

Law of Frimaire

52
Q

when was the Law of Frimaire?

A

4 Dec 1793

53
Q

was the aim of the Law of Frimaire?

A

to increase central control of the revolutionary government.

54
Q

what did the Law of Frimaire do?

A
  • Gave the CPS the power to purge local government officials
  • placed representatives on mission under control of CPS
  • forbade existence of revolutionary armies outside Paris
55
Q

what did the Law of Frimaire represent?

A

Step towards dictatorship- more powers moved from Convention to Committee and prevent local opposition to the central government.

56
Q

when was the General Police Bureau created?

A

March 1794

57
Q

what was the General Police Bureau?

A

Created in Paris to gather intelligence about enemies of the revolution. Reported directly to Robespierre - powerful weapon to denounce and arrest his opponents

58
Q

when was the Law of Prairial?

A

10 June 1794

59
Q

what was the Law of Prairial?

A
  • no defence needed in a trial
  • juries could decide using own moral judgements