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History- FR > T2: Causes of radicalisation and the collapse of constitutional monarchy, 1791-2 > Flashcards

T2: Causes of radicalisation and the collapse of constitutional monarchy, 1791-2 Flashcards

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1
Q

when was the flight to Varennes?

A

21st June 1791

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2
Q

what happened in the flight to Varennes?

A

king and family attempted to flee to Austrian Belgium, where they would find protection. Caught and brought back to Paris.

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3
Q

what were the 2 key consequences of the flight to Varennes?

A
  • emergence of republicanism
  • increased fear of counter-revolutionary activity
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4
Q

in what ways did the flight to Varennes cause the emergence of republicanism?

A
  • political clubs of Paris radicalised, e.g. Cordeliers called for abdication of king, Jacobins radicalised and split
  • 24th June, 30,000 people marched on the CA demanding the king’s dismissal
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5
Q

did the king still have supporters in the aftermath of the flight to Varennes?

A

yes - many continued to argue for con mon, feared revolution would descend into chaos
many in CA continued to oppose republicanism- 290 abstained from voting on proposal to suspend king’s power in protest

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6
Q

how did the flight to Varennes affect the king’s reputation?

A

hugely damaged it. declaration left at the Tuileries showed that even the king did not believe in con mon

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7
Q

how did the CA try to save the king’s reputation?

A

by saying he was abducted by enemies of the revolution

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8
Q

what did the king’s declaration left at the Tuileries say?

A

he thought the political situation in France was unworkable

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9
Q

what compromise was reached between republicans and constitutional monarchists in the aftermath of the flight to Varennes?

A

was decided that Louis’ powers would be suspended until new constitution decided, given that he pledged to support the new constitution

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10
Q

what is an example of calls for republicanism in aftermath of flight to Varennes?

A

30,000 marched on CA calling for Louis’ dismissal on the 24th June 1791

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11
Q

what was the view of the CA about con mon vs republicanism after the flight to Varennes?

A

split

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12
Q

how did the flight to Varennes increase fear of counter-rev?

A

rumours of an ‘Austrian Committee’ and an Austrian intervention

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13
Q

what was the rumoured ‘Austrian Committee’?

A

group of ‘traitors’ led by royal family and Marie Antionette, sought to restore king’s power through an Austrian intervention

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14
Q

what caused the large gathering at Champs de Mars?

A

suspicion of royal family and the ‘Austrian Committee’ - caused by the flight to Varennes

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15
Q

what event occurred as a result of fear of the ‘Austrian Committee’?

A

Champs de Mars massacre

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16
Q

when was the Champs de Mars massacre?

A

17th July 1791

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17
Q

what happened at Champs de Mars 17th July 1791?

A

large crowd gathered in support of Cordeliers petition for king to abdicate. turned violent, NG shot at crowd. 60 demonstrators died, 200 arrested

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18
Q

how many died and were arrested at the Champs de Mars massacre?

A

60 died, 200 arrested

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19
Q

how many gathered at Champs de Mars?

A

don’t know - accounts indicate between 6,000 and 50,000

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20
Q

what was the consequence of the violence at Champs de Mars?

A

clampdown by the Constituent Assembly.
Paris Commune declared martial law- suspended civil liberties of Parisians.
freedom of the press curtailed- radical journalists like Marat and Desmoulins went into hiding. Danton also fled.
CORDELIERS, REPUBLICANS AND RADICAL PRESS SUPRESSED.

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21
Q

had the moderated won after the Champs de Mars massacre?

A

seems like yes - Cordeliers, republicans and radical press supressed BUT events of June + July 1791 represent widening gap between attitudes of CA and popular societies and clubs in Paris, especially the SC

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22
Q

who announced martial law after Champs de Mars?

A

Paris Commune, pressured to do so by the Constituent Assembly

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23
Q

what did martial law do?

A

suspended civil liberties of Parisians

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24
Q

who went into hiding after the freedom of the press was curtailed?

A

radical journalists like Marat and Desmoulins, also Danton out of fear

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25
Q

what did the events of June and July 1791 represent?

A

the widening gap between the attitudes of the CA and popular societies and clubs in Paris, especially the sans-culottes

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26
Q

when did the new constitution come into action?

A

sep 1791

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27
Q

what was the Constituent Assembly renamed with the new constitution?

A

the Legislative Assembly

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28
Q

why did the LA consist of entirely new deputies?

A

Robespierre’s suggested self-denying ordinance

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29
Q

what did the self-denying ordinance mean for the new Legislative Assembly?

A

made up of entirely new deputies, who had not served in the Constituent Assembly

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30
Q

who suggested the self-denying ordinance?

A

Robespierre

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31
Q

stat for clubs making up the new Legislative Assembly?

A

264/745 deputies = Feuillant (oppose Jacobins)
only 136 Jacobins and Girondins
rest are unaligned

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32
Q

what did the numbers in the LA suggest? what was the reality

A

that constitutional monarchy was safe - Feuillant made up large proportion. not that simple- Feuillants had lost powerful orators, Girondins had gained Brissot

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33
Q

what was the message of the Girondins in the new LA?

A

radical - denounced emigres and supported anticlericalism

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34
Q

what the impact of Brissot in the new LA?

A

powerful orator- able to shift the mood of many unaligned deputies to the left

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35
Q

why did the Feuillants not thrive in the new Legislative Assembly, despite their strong numbers?

A

had lost their powerful orators and leaders due to the self-denying ordinance?

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36
Q

what meant that deputies who had served in the Constituent Assembly could not serve in the Legislative Assembly?

A

the self-denying ordinance

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37
Q

what declaration was sent in Aug 1791?

A

Declaration of Pillnitz

38
Q

who signed the Declaration of Pillnitz?

A

Holy Roman Emperor, Leopold II (MA’s brother) and, co-signed with Prussia
(Austria and Prussia)

39
Q

when was the Declaration of Pillnitz?

A

27th Aug 1791

40
Q

what did the Dec of Pillnitz say?

A

Austria and Prussia said they were willing to restore monarchical order in France by force, given that other European states would intervene

41
Q

was the Declaration of Pillnitz sincere?

A

no- given under condition that other European states would intervene - v unlikely

42
Q

what was the impact of the Declaration of Pillnitz?

A

contributed to the war debate

43
Q

who was pro war with Austria? why?

A
  • Brissot and Girondins - thought would flush out those not loyal to the revolution. thought neighbouring countries just waiting to be liberated from despotism of monarchy
  • Louis - thought France would lose and his position would be restored
  • Lafayette- opportunity to restore his reputation
44
Q

who was anti war? why?

A

Robespierre and Jacobins - not enough French soldiers and bad economic situation

45
Q

when did the war with Austria begin?

A

20th April 1792 when France invaded the Austrian Netherlands

46
Q

which country joined Austria in war against France?

A

Prussia

47
Q

when did Prussia join Austria against France?

A

one month after the war started (started 20th April 1792)

48
Q

did the war start well for France? why?

A

no - not enough soldiers

49
Q

how many military officers did France have?

A

only 140,000

50
Q

why did France have the number of military officers they had?

A

had only 140,000
many had objected to swearing oath of loyalty to France and CA after FtoV as it omitted king’s name
3000 officers had fled by end of 1791

51
Q

stat for how many officers left their regiments?

A

3000 by the end of 1791

52
Q

after what event did military officers have to swear oath of loyalty to France and constituent Assembly?

A

after the flight to Varennes

53
Q

what were the problems with the French army when they began war with Austria, other than numbers?

A
  • many were volunteers so lacked weaponry and training
  • many remaining officers suspected of being royalist counter-revolutionaries so not trusted by commanders
  • many mutinies
54
Q

what happened when the French soldiers invaded the Austrian Netherlands?

A
  • panic and confusion
  • mutinies
  • desertion en masse
55
Q

how long did it take for commanders of the French army to argue that peace must be made?

A

one month

56
Q

what was the consequence of the war with Austria and Prussia starting badly within France?

A

threat of invasion led to increased fear of counter-revolutionary activity

57
Q

how did the LA respond to increased fear of counter-rev after the war started badly?

A

introduced a number of new laws to protect against traitors

58
Q

when did the LA introduce new laws to protect France against counter-rev?

A

may 1792

59
Q

what were 3 laws that the LA introduced to protect France against counter-rev?

A
  • all refractory priests should be deported (27 April 1792)
  • king’s royal guard should be disbanded
  • a camp of 20,000 NG should be set up (federes) to defend Paris (8 June 1792)
60
Q

why did the LA want to disband the king’s royal guard?

A

soldiers seen as too loyal to king rather than the Assembly

61
Q

when was the law that decreed that refractory priests should be deported?

A

27th April 1792

62
Q

when was the law that called for the establishment of federes camp to protect Paris?

A

8 June 1792

63
Q

how many federes did the LA want to set up in a camp?

A

20,000

64
Q

why did the LA want to establish a federed camp?

A

to protect Paris

65
Q

what was the name of the NG that the LA wanted to establish in a camp?

A

federes

66
Q

when did Louis refuse to
sanction the LA’s emergency laws to protect against counter-rev?

A

19th June 1792

67
Q

how did Louis respond to the LA’s emergency laws to protect against counter-rev?

A

refused to sanction and used his right of veto to delay

68
Q

what did Louis do on 19th June 1792?

A

refused to
sanction the LA’s emergency laws to protect against counter-rev

69
Q

what 2 things did Louis di that made it seem as though he was against the revolutionaries?

A
  • dismissed no. of Girondin ministers 12th June 1792
  • refused to sanction LA’s emergency laws 19th June 1792
70
Q

what was the effect of Louis refusal to sanction LA’s emergency laws?

A

seemed as it he was trying to undermine their efforts to protect France against counter-rev

71
Q

what happened on the 20th June 1792?

A

journee of the 20th June 1792

72
Q

what happened in the Journee of the 20th June 1792?

A
  • 8000 sans-culottes stormed the Tuileries
  • demanded Louis reverse his vetoes and dismissals
  • forced Louis to wear the liberty cap
  • Louis did not back down
73
Q

what caused the journee of the 20th June 1792?

A

Louis dismissal of Girondin ministers (12th June) and refusal to sanction the LA’s emergency laws to protect against counter-rev (19th June)
also incited by the Cordeliers club

74
Q

what club incited the journee of 20th June 1792?

A

Cordeliers

75
Q

what did the LA do on the 11th July 1792?

A

declared a sate of national emergency

76
Q

what was the effect of the LA declaring a state of national emergency?

A

meant did not need Louis’ sanction to enact laws - his veto became irrelevant

77
Q

when did the Legislative Assembly declare a state of national emergency?

A

11th July 1792

78
Q

how did the LA respond to the popular unrest of Paris with the journee of 20th June 1792?

A

ignored Louis’ refusal and set up federes camp in Paris anyway, also declared state of emergency on 11th July to enact other emergency laws without Louis’ sanction

79
Q

what was the effect of the federes camp being set up in Paris?

A

further radicalised the city

80
Q

how many NG made up the federes camp in Paris?

A

20,000

81
Q

what was issued to the French people by the commander of the Prussian army?

A

the Brunswick Manifesto

82
Q

when was the Brunswick Manifesto issued/

A

25th July 1792

83
Q

who issued the Brunswick Manifesto?

A

the Duke of Brunswick, the commander of the Prussian army

84
Q

what did the Brunswick Manifesto say?

A

promised freedom to those who did not oppose the Duke of Brunswick’s armies, but strongly threatened those who did or those who harmed the king

85
Q

what was the effect of the Brunswick Manifesto?

A
  • increased unrest in Paris
  • increased calls for the abolition of the monarchy - seen as further evidence of collusion between the king and France’s enemies
86
Q

what was the final trigger for Louis’ fall?

A

the journee of the 10th Aug 1792 - attack on the Tuileries

87
Q

what happened on the 10th August 1792?

A

journee - attack on the Tuileries

88
Q

what happened in the journee of 10th Aug 1792?

A

30,000 citizens attacked the Tuileries palace and the Swiss Guard guarding it. 600 Swill Guard killed, Louis fled through a secret passage and was arrested.

89
Q

who incited the journee of 10th Aug 1792?

A

leading Cordeliers - Danton and Hebert

90
Q

what led to the journee of 10th Aug 1792?

A

Legislative Assembly’s refusal to depose Louis after Brunswick Manifesto. SC, led by Danton + Hebert, took over town hall and established own rev Commune day before.

91
Q

what happened the day before the attack on the Tuileries?

A

sans-culottes, led by Heber + Danton, took over town hall and formed own revolutionary Commune

92
Q

why did the SC form their own revolutionary Commune on 9th Aug 1792?

A

because of the Assembly’s refusal to depose the king

History- FR (13 decks)

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