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History- FR > T3: Preconditions for terror > Flashcards

T3: Preconditions for terror Flashcards

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1
Q

what was a necessary precondition for the Terror to develop?

A

rise of Jacobins and fall of Girondins

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2
Q

when was the Terror?

A

sept 1793 - July 1794

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3
Q

how many people were executed in the Terror?

A

2,500 in Paris alone
15,000 total

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4
Q

how many were killed in Paris during the Terror?

A

2,500

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5
Q

what body drove the government during the Terror?

A

the Committee of Public Safety

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6
Q

who were the majority of victims of the Terror?

A

60 % peasants or working class people

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7
Q

why were the majority of victims of the Terror not royalists?

A

many ardent royalists or constitutional monarchists had fled France in 1792

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8
Q

when had the Revolutionary War begun?

A

1792

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9
Q

when did the Revolutionary War gain a new momentum?

A

early 1793

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10
Q

when did France make gains in the war against Austria and Prussia?

A

Sep 1792 - Jan 1793

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11
Q

when did the war start to go badly again for France?

A

Feb- March 1793
continued to go badly for Spring + Summer

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12
Q

in what way did the Revolutionary War intensify in Feb 1793?

A

French National Convention declared war against Britain, Holland and Spain

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13
Q

what countries was France at war with by end of Feb 1793?

A

Austria, Prussia, Britain, Holland, Spain and Piedmont-Sardinia (Italian states allied to Austria)

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14
Q

what are France’s enemies at this time collectively referred to as?

A

the ‘First Coalition’

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15
Q

what is an example of the war going badly for France?

A

suffered major defeat by Austrians at the Battle of Neerwinden March 1793

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16
Q

when was the Battle of Neerwinden?

A

18 March 1793

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17
Q

was the Battle of Neerwinden a failure of success for France?

A

failure

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18
Q

what was a consequence of the Battle of Neerwinden?

A

French General Dumouriez defected to the Austrians

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19
Q

what was the effect of Dumouriez’s defection?

A
  • caused the Convention to question the loyalty of even its most renowned commanders
  • made Girondins look bad - Dumouriez was a Girondin
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20
Q

When did Dumouriez defect to the Austrians?

A

April 1793

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21
Q

what is an example of the internal threat of Civil War to the Convention?

A

major uprising in the Vendee

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22
Q

when did the uprising in the Vendee begin?

A

11th March 1793

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23
Q

what caused the uprising in the Vendee?

A
  • government had ordered levy of 300,000 conscripts to fight against First Coalition
  • Vendee unwilling to fight and die for a gov whose policies they objected to
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24
Q

when did news of the levy reach the Vendee?

A

11th March 1793

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25
Q

when did the Convention order a levy of 300,000 soldiers?

A

Feb 1793

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26
Q

how many soldiers did the Convention order a levy for in Feb 1793?

A

300,000

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27
Q

why did the NC order a levy in 1793?

A

to fight against the First Coalition

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28
Q

what proportion of priests in the Vendee had refused to swear the oath of allegiance in Nov 1790?

A

3/4

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29
Q

what were the long-term grievances of the Vendee?

A
  • fiercely opposed Civil Constitution of the Clergy
  • cost of abolished feudal dues added to the leases of the land - no better off financially
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30
Q

how many NG were in the Vendee to defend against rebels?

A

mere 1,300

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31
Q

what was the result of so few NG in the Vendee?

A

rebels made early gains - e.g. won Battle of Pont-Charrault and at Chalonnes

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32
Q

when was the Battle of Pont-Charrault?

A

19 March 1793

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33
Q

when were revolutionary forces forced to withdraw from Chalonnes?

A

22nd March 1793

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34
Q

why did rebels make early gains in the Vendee?

A

numbers outweighed National Guard (only 1,300 NG in Vendee)

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35
Q

what crises was France facing in spring 1793?

A
  • foreign armies advancing
  • leading French general defected
  • France erupted into Civil War
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36
Q

how did the NC respond to the crises faced by France in spring 1793?

A

created the Committee of Public Safety

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37
Q

when was the CPS created?

A

6 April 1793

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38
Q

why was the CPS created?

A

in response to the crises faced by France in spring 1793 - was responsible for the war effort and to defend the revolution from enemies, both internal and external

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39
Q

what was the role of the CPS?

A

was responsible for the war effort and to defend the revolution from enemies, both internal and external
- determined foreign policy
- appointed and dismissed military commanders
- responsible for internal defence against counter-revolution

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40
Q

what were the responsibilities of the CPS?

A
  • determined foreign policy
  • appointed and dismissed military commanders
  • responsible for internal defence against counter-revolution
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41
Q

who were the initial members of the CPS?

A

9 members: 7 from The Plain, only 2 more radical (one was Danton)

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42
Q

how was the power of the CPS initially checked?

A

relied on approval of Convention - powers renewed on monthly basis. had report directly to the Convention weekly

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43
Q

how often did the CPS have to report to the NC?

A

weekly

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44
Q

how often were the powers of the CPS renewed by the Convention?

A

monthly

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45
Q

what did the government do to help fund the war effort?

A

printed more assignats - caused value to drop by half

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46
Q

what was the effect of printing more assignats?

A

caused their value to drop by half- inflation

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47
Q

what was the economic impact of the war?

A

worsened the already poor economic situation in Paris

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48
Q

3 ways the war effected economy?

A
  • printed more assignats to fund war effort - inflation
  • bread supplies scarce - demands of feeding army
  • naval blockade of French ports by English ships - hampered overseas trade
49
Q

what did the radical press blame rising prices on?

A

Marat blamed hoarders and counter-revolutionaries - encouraged SC to insurrection

50
Q

what was the real reason for rising prices?

A

war
- bread supplies for army
- naval blockade
- inflation - printing assignats

51
Q

what was the impact of rising bread prices in Paris?

A

riots

52
Q

when is an example of riots in Paris due to rising bread prices?

A

Feb 1793 - NG had to be deployed to bring riots under control

53
Q

difference in reaction to SC in Convention?

A
  • Jacobins failed to condemn- added legitimacy to their actions
  • Girondins - attacked their actions
54
Q

how did PC respond to concerns of SC? how did the NC react?

A

PC pushed NC to introduce max price on bread and grain. Girondins continues to advocate for free trade

55
Q

how was a max price for grain and bread eventually introduced?

A

1 May 1793 - 8,000 SC surrounded Convention to force action.

56
Q

when was a law setting a max price for bread and grain passed?

A

4 May 1793

57
Q

when did SC surround NC demanding max price for bread and grain?

A

1 May 1793

58
Q

how many SC surrounded NC 1 May?

A

8000

59
Q

why did SC surround NC 1 May 1793?

A

demanding max price bread and grain

60
Q

how did Marat respond to Dumouriez’s defection?

A

attacked the Girondins in his newspaper ‘L’Ami du peuple’ - claimed they were complicit and even called for lynching of Girondin leaders!

61
Q

what is a clear example of tension in the Convention between Jacobins and Girondins?

A

physical fighting broke out April 1793

62
Q

when did physical fighting break out between J + G deputies in the Convention?

A

April 1793

63
Q

when did the Girondins call for the trial of Marat?

A

12 April 1793

64
Q

on what basis did the Girondins call for Marat’s trial?

A

calls for violence and scandalous accusations

65
Q

when was Marat brought to trial?

A

24th April 1793

66
Q

what was the outcome of Marat’s trial?

A
  • Marat received applause from public galleries
  • judges and jury took just 1 day to acquit Marat of all crimes
67
Q

how long did the judges and jury to acquit Marat of all crimes?

A

1 day

68
Q

when did Robespierre call for the SC to rise up in insurrection against Girondin deputies?

A

26 May 1793

69
Q

what did Robespierre do 26th May 1793?

A

called for the SC to rise up in insurrection against Girondin deputies

70
Q

what was the result of Robespierre’s call to SC to rise up against Girondins?

A

80,000 NG and SC mobilised, surrounded Convention on 2nd June 1793

71
Q

what led to the purge of the Girondins?

A

journee of 2nd June 1793

72
Q

how did the actions of Robespierre lead to the purging of the Girondins?

A

called for SC to rise up against Girondins 26th May 1793

73
Q

what were the demands of the NG and SC in journee of 2nd June 1793?

A
  • arrets of Girondin deputies
  • max price cap on all essential goods
  • establishment of SC revolutionary army to deal with bread hoarders and counter-revs
  • creation of state-run arms factories
74
Q

what was the result of the journee of 2 June 1793?

A
  • 3 day stand off
  • Couthon proposed a vote in NC on arrest of 29 Girondin deputies
  • majority voted in favour
  • clear path for Jacobin political dominance
75
Q

how many Girondin deputies were arrested in the purge of the Girondins?

A

29

76
Q

what was the significance of the purging of the Girondins?

A

path clear for Jacobin political dominncne

77
Q

2 consequences for Jacobins of purging of Girondins?

A
  • path to political dominance
  • murder of Marat
78
Q

when was Marat assassinated?

A

13th July 1793

79
Q

who murdered Marat?

A

Charlotte Corday, a Girondin sympathiser

80
Q

why did Charlotte Corday kill Marat?

A

hoped it would harm the radical Jacobins’ cause

81
Q

what was the outcome of Marat’s assassination?

A
  • made him a martyr. heart embalmed and hung from ceiling of Jacobin Club
82
Q

when did the CPS become more radical?

A

following the purging of the Girondins

83
Q

in what ways did the CPS become more radical?

A
  • increased to 12 people (from 9) - composed largely of Jacobins, some v radical
  • Robespierre in charge
84
Q

when did the CPS increase to 12 people?

A

10th July 1793

85
Q

what was the reaction to the purge of the Girondins and Jacobin dominance?

A

series of protests and riots across French provinces spring and summer 1793 (federalist revolts)

86
Q

were the federalist revolts anti-revolution?

A

no, just anti-Jacobin

87
Q

stat for number of federalist revolts?

A

60/85 departments experienced disturbances

88
Q

why did federalist revolts break out?

A

in opposition to purge of Girondins and Jacobin dominance

89
Q

when were the federalist revolts?

A

spring and summer 1793

90
Q

where were the most serious federalist revolts?

A

Bordeaux, Marseilles, Lyon, Toulon

91
Q

when did the revolt in Lyon begin and end?

A

started same day as purge of Girondins and lasted 2 months until capitulated due to starvation (9th oct 1793)

92
Q
A
93
Q

how many were executed in Lyon?

A

nearly 2000

94
Q

why were so many executed in Lyon?

A

Government wanted to make an example of towns + cities that rebelled against their rule.

95
Q

when were the Girondins guillotined?

A

31st Oct 1793

96
Q

which of the Girondins were guillotined?

A

Brissot and 21 others

97
Q

what was declared by the Convention on the 23rd Aug 1793?

A

levee en masse

98
Q

why was levee en masse declared?

A
  • Enrages and Hebertists demanding action to alleviate poverty
  • PC + SC demanding increase in effort in fighting foreign enemies
99
Q

who were the Enrages?

A

group of extremists, demanded action to alleviate poverty with radical solutions

100
Q

what king of action did the Enrages want to see?

A

e.g. higher taxes for rich and execution of hoarders

101
Q

who were the Hebertists?

A

group headed by Hebert, head of the revolutionary Paris Commune

102
Q

when was levee en masse declared?

A

23rd Aug 1793

103
Q

what did levee en masse entail?

A
  • whole nation to be geared towards war effort
  • all unmarries men 18-25 conscripted
  • metal goods confiscated to make cannons
  • state munitions factories established
  • increasing controls on trade overseas
104
Q

how many men were conscripted as a result of levee en masse?

A

nearly half a million

105
Q

who oragnised the levee en masse?

A

Carnot

106
Q

what were the results of the levee en masse?

A

gains in Rev War but economic situation did not improve

107
Q

what happened on 4-5 Sep 1793?

A

thousands of SC marched on Convention

108
Q

when did thousands of SC march on Convention?

A

4-5 sep 1793

109
Q

what did the Convention do to appease the crowd 4-5 sep 1793?

A

agreed to a number of demands such as the establishment of armees revolutionnaires and general maximum later in month + Law of Suspects

110
Q

details of armees revolutionnaires?

A
  • armee of 6000 in Paris
  • provincial armees totalled 30,000
111
Q

what was the role of armees revolutionnaires?

A

avenged federalist revolts and pursued cause of de-Christianisation

112
Q

how many made up the Paris armee revolutionnaire?

A

6000

113
Q

when was the general maximum introduced?

A

29th sep 1793

114
Q

why was the general maximum introduced?

A

to appease the SC- had been march on NC 4-5 sep 1793

115
Q

what did the general maximum do?

A

Max price on all basic commodities

116
Q

how big was the Vendean army at its largest

A

80,000

117
Q

How many troops did the Convention have to divert from the Revolutionary War to deal with the Vendee?

A

30,000

118
Q

how many rebels attacked and overran town of Cholet.

A

over 10,000

History- FR (14 decks)

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